CVE-2026-102278

HIGHPre-NVD 7.57.5
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to the CVSS score beside it.

Score 7.5 from GitHub Security Advisory (severity: HIGH) published 2026-09-29. A secondary CVSS source baseline 7.5; sources differ by 0.0.

Triggered by: GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
Sources: EPSS, GitHub Security Advisory, a secondary CVSS source

Also known asEUVD-2026-88555 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-qhr7-859c-m2p7 (GitHub Security Advisories)Source: ENISA EUVD

7.5EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixRemediate within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0.5%CVSS: 7.5Exploit: None knownExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

The brace-expansion library generates arbitrary strings containing a common prefix and suffix. Prior to 1.1.20, 2.1.6, 3.0.8, and 5.0.11, deeply nested brace groups cause expand_() to recurse once per nesting level at comma-member and single-set expansion sites, exhausting the native stack before output limits can apply and potentially terminating the Node.js process. expand_ performs uncontrolled recursion for nested brace alternatives and single-part sets. deeply nested brace groups supplied as an untrusted pattern. expand_ is affected. expand is affected. Comma members is affected. Single set is affected. native stack exhaustion during nested sub-expansion. process-terminating denial of service. This issue is fixed in versions 1.1.20, 2.1.6, 3.0.8, and 5.0.11.

CVSS v3
7.5
EG Score
7.5HIGHmedium confidence
EG Risk
49
EG Risk 49/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity75% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 7.5 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation0.5% × 40%
FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.
Automatability100% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: yes (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.
EPSS PROB
0.5%
EPSS %ILE
42nd
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (7.5): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 7.5 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
7.5 HIGHCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
EG Likelihood
0.5% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-11-08). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).CISA BOD 26-04: 14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.

Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.

The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

September 28, 2026

Last Modified

October 1, 2026

Advisory Details (4)

Auto-updated Sep 28, 2026
Patch available. Sources: github, github_commit.
GitHub commit

commit de84f144e981 (juliangruber/brace-expansion)

Fix landed in juliangruber/brace-expansion commit de84f144e981 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/juliangruber/brace-expansion/commit/de84f144e9816f30e25fc8179e2e1249ab6df0db
GitHub commit

commit 935d78f32f33 (juliangruber/brace-expansion)

Fix landed in juliangruber/brace-expansion commit 935d78f32f33 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/juliangruber/brace-expansion/commit/935d78f32f335b2ff76578e5c5e877d31ae9888c
GitHub commit

commit 1efee7c397c1 (juliangruber/brace-expansion)

Fix landed in juliangruber/brace-expansion commit 1efee7c397c1 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/juliangruber/brace-expansion/commit/1efee7c397c191da6287a78ec19512476a966a7b
GitHub advisoryMentions a patch (unverified)

DoS via uncontrolled recursion on nested brace groups causing stack exhaustion · Advisory · juliangruber/brace-expansion · GitHub

https://github.com/juliangruber/brace-expansion/security/advisories/GHSA-qhr7-859c-m2p7

Patch Availability(26)

Vendor / EcosystemFix (by version range) / PatchReleasedSource
redhatcluster-observability-operator/logging-console-plugin-rhel9:17938392922026-11-05redhat
redhatcluster-observability-operator/logging-console-plugin-rhel9:17936602932026-11-04redhat
redhatcryostat/cryostat-openshift-console-plugin-rhel9:4.2.0-192026-11-04redhat
redhatrhem/flightctl-ui-rhel9:17937187182026-11-03redhat
redhatrhem/flightctl-ui-rhel10:17937200142026-11-03redhat
redhatnodejs:24-8100020261027151919.6d8804032026-10-29redhat
redhatrhoai/odh-mod-arch-model-registry-rhel9:17930018272026-10-29redhat
redhatnodejs:24-9080020261027142403.rhel92026-10-29redhat
redhatsatellite/iop-remediations-rhel9:17930651382026-10-29redhat
redhatsatellite/iop-remediations-rhel9:17930922532026-10-29redhat
redhatdiscovery/discovery-ui-rhel9:17926039242026-10-28redhat
redhatdiscovery/discovery-ui-rhel9:17932185302026-10-28redhat
redhatopenshift4/nmstate-console-plugin-rhel9:17928672542026-10-26redhat
redhatopenshift4/nmstate-console-plugin-rhel9:17928758552026-10-26redhat
redhatopenshift4/nmstate-console-plugin-rhel9:17928520322026-10-26redhat
redhatopenshift4/nmstate-console-plugin-rhel9:17920570772026-10-20redhat
redhatnodejs22-main-22.23.3-2.3.2.2.hum12026-09-30redhat
redhatnodejs24-main-11.19.0-1.24.21.0.1.2.hum12026-09-30redhat
redhatnodejs22-main-10.9.9-1.22.23.3.2.3.2.1.hum12026-09-30redhat
redhatnodejs24-main-24.21.0-1.1.hum12026-09-30redhat
redhatnodejs26-main-11.19.1-1.26.10.0.0.2.hum12026-09-30redhat
redhatnodejs26-main-26.10.0-0.3.hum12026-09-30redhat
npmbrace-expansion @ 5.0.11 (fixes >= 4.0.0, < 5.0.11)—ghsa
npmbrace-expansion @ 3.0.8 (fixes >= 3.0.0, < 3.0.8)—ghsa
npmbrace-expansion @ 2.1.6 (fixes >= 2.0.0, < 2.1.6)—ghsa
npmbrace-expansion @ 1.1.20 (fixes < 1.1.20)—ghsa

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Affected Packages

(4 across 4 ecosystems)
Debian:12(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
node-brace-expansion2.0.1+~1.1.0-1 ... 2.1.7+~1.1.2-1 (8 versions)
  • every version on: no fix on record
—
Debian:13(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
node-brace-expansion2.0.1+~1.1.0-2 ... 2.1.7+~1.1.2-1 (6 versions)
  • every version on: no fix on record
—
Debian:14(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
node-brace-expansion2.0.1+~1.1.0-2, 2.0.3+~1.1.2-1, 2.0.3+~1.1.2-2, 2.0.3+~1.1.2-3, 2.1.4+~1.1.2-1
  • every version up to 2.1.7+~1.1.2-1: fixed in 2.1.7+~1.1.2-1
—
npm(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
brace-expansion—
  • 4.0.0 up to 5.0.11: fixed in 5.0.11
  • 3.0.0 up to 3.0.8: fixed in 3.0.8
  • 2.0.0 up to 2.1.6: fixed in 2.1.6
  • every version up to 1.1.20: fixed in 1.1.20
—

Weakness Classification(2)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Additional Vendor Advisories

(10)

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 9× in last 7d / 37× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed its CVE.org record (CNA or CISA ADP). An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). "EchelonGraph re-scored" is our own recompute of this CVE's score, not an update from a source, and is not counted in the refreshes above. Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 100 of 105 rows on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. None are among the latest 100 rows. The 5 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-11-13 16:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  2. 2026-11-12 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  3. 2026-11-11 16:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  4. 2026-11-10 16:41 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  5. 2026-11-09 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  6. 2026-11-08 20:01 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  7. 2026-11-08 20:01 UTCVendor advisory
  8. 2026-11-08 20:01 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-qhr7-859c-m2p7 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.5
  9. 2026-11-08 16:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  10. 2026-11-07 16:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  11. 2026-11-06 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  12. 2026-11-05 16:36 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  13. 2026-11-04 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  14. 2026-11-03 16:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  15. 2026-11-02 16:43 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  16. 2026-11-01 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  17. 2026-11-01 11:58 UTCVendor advisory
  18. 2026-11-01 11:58 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-qhr7-859c-m2p7 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.5
  19. 2026-11-01 08:00 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-qhr7-859c-m2p7 · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.5
  20. 2026-11-01 08:00 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  21. 2026-10-31 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  22. 2026-10-30 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  23. 2026-10-29 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 39th percentile
  24. 2026-10-28 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 39th percentile
  25. 2026-10-27 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 39th percentile
Show 75 more
  1. 2026-10-26 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 39th percentile
  2. 2026-10-25 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 39th percentile
  3. 2026-10-25 14:56 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  4. 2026-10-25 03:54 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  5. 2026-10-25 03:54 UTCVendor advisory
  6. 2026-10-24 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 27th percentile
  7. 2026-10-23 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 27th percentile
  8. 2026-10-22 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 27th percentile
  9. 2026-10-21 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 27th percentile
  10. 2026-10-20 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 27th percentile
  11. 2026-10-19 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 27th percentile
  12. 2026-10-18 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 27th percentile
  13. 2026-10-18 05:10 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  14. 2026-10-17 19:51 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  15. 2026-10-17 19:51 UTCVendor advisory
  16. 2026-10-17 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 27th percentile
  17. 2026-10-16 16:40 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 27th percentile
  18. 2026-10-15 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 27th percentile
  19. 2026-10-14 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 26th percentile
  20. 2026-10-13 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 26th percentile
  21. 2026-10-12 16:41 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  22. 2026-10-12 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 26th percentile
  23. 2026-10-12 03:28 UTCVendor advisory
  24. 2026-10-11 20:16 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  25. 2026-10-11 18:28 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  26. 2026-10-11 15:26 UTCVendor advisory
  27. 2026-10-11 15:02 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  28. 2026-10-11 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 26th percentile
  29. 2026-10-11 03:34 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  30. 2026-10-11 03:34 UTCVendor advisory
  31. 2026-10-10 19:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 26th percentile
  32. 2026-10-10 15:40 UTCVendor advisory
  33. 2026-10-10 03:37 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  34. 2026-10-10 03:37 UTCVendor advisory
  35. 2026-10-09 20:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 26th percentile
  36. 2026-10-09 15:45 UTCVendor advisory
  37. 2026-10-09 03:53 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  38. 2026-10-09 03:53 UTCVendor advisory
  39. 2026-10-08 17:11 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 26th percentile
  40. 2026-10-08 16:01 UTCVendor advisory
  41. 2026-10-08 02:09 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  42. 2026-10-08 02:09 UTCVendor advisory
  43. 2026-10-07 23:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 26th percentile
  44. 2026-10-07 14:18 UTCVendor advisory
  45. 2026-10-07 02:00 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  46. 2026-10-07 02:00 UTCVendor advisory
  47. 2026-10-06 15:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 26th percentile
  48. 2026-10-06 14:05 UTCVendor advisory
  49. 2026-10-06 02:13 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  50. 2026-10-06 02:13 UTCVendor advisory
  51. 2026-10-05 17:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 26th percentile
  52. 2026-10-05 14:19 UTCVendor advisory
  53. 2026-10-05 02:28 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  54. 2026-10-05 02:28 UTCVendor advisory
  55. 2026-10-04 23:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 26th percentile
  56. 2026-10-04 14:36 UTCVendor advisory
  57. 2026-10-04 02:44 UTCVendor advisory
  58. 2026-10-03 14:53 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  59. 2026-10-03 14:53 UTCVendor advisory
  60. 2026-10-03 14:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 26th percentile
  61. 2026-10-03 03:02 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  62. 2026-10-03 03:02 UTCVendor advisory
  63. 2026-10-02 15:10 UTCVendor advisory
  64. 2026-10-02 03:18 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  65. 2026-10-02 03:18 UTCVendor advisory
  66. 2026-10-01 19:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 26th percentile
  67. 2026-10-01 15:23 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  68. 2026-10-01 15:23 UTCVendor advisory
  69. 2026-10-01 15:06 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  70. 2026-10-01 15:06 UTCVendor advisory
  71. 2026-10-01 07:53 UTCVendor advisory
  72. 2026-09-30 20:02 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  73. 2026-09-30 20:02 UTCVendor advisory
  74. 2026-09-30 15:02 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 26th percentile
  75. 2026-09-29 23:45 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2026-102278?
CVE-2026-102278 is a high-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on September 28, 2026. The brace-expansion library generates arbitrary strings containing a common prefix and suffix. Prior to 1.1.20, 2.1.6, 3.0.8, and 5.0.11, deeply nested brace groups cause expand_() to recurse once per nesting level at comma-member and single-set expansion sites, exhausting the native stack before…
When was the CVE record for CVE-2026-102278 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2026-102278 was published on September 28, 2026. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of October 1, 2026; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2026-102278 actively exploited?
CVE-2026-102278 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0.5% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (42nd percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2026-102278?
CVE-2026-102278 has a CVSS base score of 7.5 (a secondary CVSS source that NVD displays; NVD's own analysis pending).
How do I remediate CVE-2026-102278?
A fix for CVE-2026-102278 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory. The vendor advisories EchelonGraph has for CVE-2026-102278 are linked in the Vendor Advisories panel on this page.

Dependency Blast Radius

See which npm, PyPI, Go, and Maven packages are affected by CVE-2026-102278

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