CVE-2026-40342

CRITICALNVD 9.99.9
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.

This critical-severity CVE scores 9.9 under NVD CVSS v3. EPSS exploit probability: 0.7% (53rd percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs). No GitHub Security Advisory CVSS is on record for this CVE.

Triggered by: Headline CVSS from NVD CVSS v3
Sources: EPSS, NVD CVSS v3

Also known asEUVD-2026-23496 (ENISA EUVD)Source: ENISA EUVD

9.9EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixRemediate within your standard update timelines (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0.7%CVSS: 9.9Exploit: None knownExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

Firebird is an open-source relational database management system. In versions prior to 5.0.4, 4.0.7 and 3.0.14, the external engine plugin loader concatenates a user-supplied engine name into a filesystem path without filtering path separators or .. components. An authenticated user with CREATE FUNCTION privileges can use a crafted ENGINE name to load an arbitrary shared library from anywhere on the filesystem via path traversal. The library's initialization code executes immediately during loading, before Firebird validates the module, achieving code execution as the server's OS account. This issue has been fixed in versions 5.0.4, 4.0.7 and 3.0.14.

CVSS v3
9.9
EG Score
9.9CRITICALmedium confidence
EG Risk
45
EG Risk 45/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity99% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 9.9 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation0.7% × 40%
FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.
Automatability0% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: no (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.
EPSS PROB
0.7%
EPSS %ILE
53rd
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (9.9): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 9.9 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
9.9 CRITICALCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.NVD CVSS v3 · CVSS v3.0 or v3.1
EG Likelihood
0.7% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-11-11). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).CISA BOD 26-04: 14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low or medium mission impact; Track* at high (mission-essential systems).

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.

Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.

The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

April 17, 2026

Last Modified

October 26, 2026

Advisory Details (4)

Auto-updated Nov 2, 2026
Patch available. Sources: github_release, github.
GitHub advisoryMentions a patch (unverified)

Path traversal when declaring external routine · Advisory · FirebirdSQL/firebird · GitHub

https://github.com/FirebirdSQL/firebird/security/advisories/GHSA-7pxc-h3rv-r257
GitHub release Patch Available

v5.0.4

Patch available: FirebirdSQL/firebird v5.0.4

https://github.com/FirebirdSQL/firebird/releases/tag/v5.0.4
GitHub release Patch Available

Firebird 4.0.7

Patch available: FirebirdSQL/firebird v4.0.7

https://github.com/FirebirdSQL/firebird/releases/tag/v4.0.7
GitHub release Patch Available

Firebird 3.0.14

Patch available: FirebirdSQL/firebird v3.0.14

https://github.com/FirebirdSQL/firebird/releases/tag/v3.0.14

Affected Packages

(6 across 4 ecosystems)
Debian:13(2)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
firebird3.03.0.12.ds7-13 ... 3.0.14.ds7-1 (7 versions)
  • every version on: no fix on record
—
firebird4.04.0.5.3140.ds6-17 ... 4.0.7.3271.ds6-1 (6 versions)
  • every version on: no fix on record
—
Debian:14(2)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
firebird3.03.0.12.ds7-13, 3.0.12.ds7-13+m68k, 3.0.12.ds7-13+m68k.1, 3.0.13.ds7-1, 3.0.13.ds7-2
  • every version up to 3.0.14.ds7-1: fixed in 3.0.14.ds7-1
—
firebird4.04.0.5.3140.ds6-17, 4.0.5.3140.ds6-17+m68k, 4.0.6.3221.ds6-1, 4.0.6.3221.ds6-2
  • every version up to 4.0.7.3271.ds6-1: fixed in 4.0.7.3271.ds6-1
—
Debian:11(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
firebird3.03.0.10.33601.ds4-1 ... 3.0.9.33560.ds4-3+m68k (48 versions)
  • every version on: no fix on record
—
Debian:12(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
firebird3.03.0.11.33637.ds4-2 ... 3.0.14.ds7-1 (35 versions)
  • every version on: no fix on record
—

Weakness Classification(4)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 7× in last 7d / 31× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed its CVE.org record (CNA or CISA ADP). An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). "EchelonGraph re-scored" is our own recompute of this CVE's score, not an update from a source, and is not counted in the refreshes above. Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 100 of 244 rows on record for this CVE, as 99 entries (1 repeat merged).

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 1 repeat row among the latest 100 is merged into the row it repeats. The 144 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-11-12 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  2. 2026-11-12 15:29 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  3. 2026-11-11 16:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  4. 2026-11-11 15:54 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  5. 2026-11-10 16:43 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  6. 2026-11-09 16:40 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  7. 2026-11-09 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  8. 2026-11-08 17:06 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  9. 2026-11-08 16:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  10. 2026-11-07 17:31 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  11. 2026-11-07 16:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  12. 2026-11-06 17:57 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  13. 2026-11-06 16:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  14. 2026-11-06 07:55 UTCOSV refresh
  15. 2026-11-05 18:23 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  16. 2026-11-05 16:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  17. 2026-11-04 18:48 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  18. 2026-11-04 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  19. 2026-11-03 19:13 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  20. 2026-11-03 16:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 52nd percentile
  21. 2026-11-02 19:32 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  22. 2026-11-02 16:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 52nd percentile
  23. 2026-11-01 19:54 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  24. 2026-11-01 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 52nd percentile
  25. 2026-10-31 20:19 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
Show 74 more
  1. 2026-10-31 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 52nd percentile
  2. 2026-10-30 20:45 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  3. 2026-10-30 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 52nd percentile
  4. 2026-10-29 21:11 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  5. 2026-10-29 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 52nd percentile
  6. 2026-10-28 21:36 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  7. 2026-10-28 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 52nd percentile
  8. 2026-10-27 22:02 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  9. 2026-10-27 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 52nd percentile
  10. 2026-10-26 22:27 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  11. 2026-10-26 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 52nd percentile
  12. 2026-10-26 13:02 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  13. 2026-10-25 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 52nd percentile
  14. 2026-10-25 14:31 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  15. 2026-10-25 13:21 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  16. 2026-10-24 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 57th percentile
  17. 2026-10-24 13:45 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  18. 2026-10-23 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 57th percentile
  19. 2026-10-23 14:11 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  20. 2026-10-22 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 57th percentile
  21. 2026-10-22 14:36 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  22. 2026-10-21 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 57th percentile
  23. 2026-10-21 14:37 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  24. 2026-10-20 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 57th percentile
  25. 2026-10-20 14:46 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  26. 2026-10-19 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 57th percentile
  27. 2026-10-19 13:56 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  28. 2026-10-18 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 57th percentile
  29. 2026-10-18 03:43 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  30. 2026-10-17 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 57th percentile
  31. 2026-10-17 14:45 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  32. 2026-10-16 16:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 57th percentile
  33. 2026-10-16 15:09 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  34. 2026-10-15 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 57th percentile
  35. 2026-10-15 15:33 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  36. 2026-10-14 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 57th percentile
  37. 2026-10-14 09:50 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  38. 2026-10-13 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 56th percentile
  39. 2026-10-13 07:44 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  40. 2026-10-12 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 56th percentile
  41. 2026-10-12 16:09 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  42. 2026-10-11 19:51 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  43. 2026-10-11 17:05 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  44. 2026-10-11 14:31 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  45. 2026-10-11 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 56th percentile
  46. 2026-10-11 05:55 UTCOSV refresh
  47. 2026-10-10 20:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 56th percentile
  48. 2026-10-09 20:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 56th percentile
  49. 2026-10-08 17:12 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 56th percentile
  50. 2026-10-07 23:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 56th percentile
  51. 2026-10-06 15:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 56th percentile
  52. 2026-10-05 17:43 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 56th percentile
  53. 2026-10-03 14:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 56th percentile
  54. 2026-10-01 19:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 56th percentile
  55. 2026-09-30 15:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 56th percentile
  56. 2026-09-27 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 56th percentile
  57. 2026-09-26 15:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 56th percentile
  58. 2026-09-21 17:49 UTCOSV refresh
  59. 2026-09-20 20:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 51st percentile
  60. 2026-09-18 19:28 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 51st percentile
  61. 2026-09-17 19:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 51st percentile
  62. 2026-09-16 14:08 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 51st percentile
  63. 2026-09-16 05:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 51st percentile
  64. 2026-09-15 03:11 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 50th percentile
  65. 2026-09-13 16:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 50th percentile
  66. 2026-09-12 15:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 50th percentile
  67. 2026-09-11 14:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 50th percentile
  68. 2026-09-11 09:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 50th percentile
  69. 2026-09-10 09:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 50th percentile
  70. 2026-09-08 22:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 50th percentile
  71. 2026-09-07 16:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 50th percentile
  72. 2026-09-06 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 50th percentile
  73. 2026-09-04 05:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 50th percentile
  74. 2026-09-02 14:31 UTCOSV refresh

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2026-40342?
CVE-2026-40342 is a critical-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on April 17, 2026. Firebird is an open-source relational database management system. In versions prior to 5.0.4, 4.0.7 and 3.0.14, the external engine plugin loader concatenates a user-supplied engine name into a filesystem path without filtering path separators or .. components. An authenticated user with CREATE…
When was the CVE record for CVE-2026-40342 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2026-40342 was published on April 17, 2026. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of October 26, 2026; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2026-40342 actively exploited?
CVE-2026-40342 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0.7% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (53rd percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2026-40342?
CVE-2026-40342 has a CVSS v3 base score of 9.9 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2026-40342?
A fix for CVE-2026-40342 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory.

Dependency Blast Radius

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