CVE-2026-28448

CRITICALNVD 9.49.4
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.

This critical-severity CVE scores 9.4 under NVD CVSS v3. EPSS exploit probability: 0.5% (44th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs). GitHub Security Advisory CVSS 7.3 is lower than this score; a lower GitHub score revises it only when its advisory is newer than the CVE record's last change, and this advisory (published 2026-02-17) is not newer than that change (2026-06-17), so it does not.

Triggered by: Headline CVSS from NVD CVSS v3
Sources: EPSS, GitHub Security Advisory, NVD CVSS v3

Also known asEUVD-2026-9898 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-33rq-m5x2-fvgf (GitHub Security Advisories)Source: ENISA EUVD

9.4EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixRemediate within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0.5%CVSS: 9.4Exploit: None knownExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

OpenClaw versions 2026.1.29 prior to 2026.2.1 contain a vulnerability in the Twitch plugin (must be installed and enabled) in which it fails to enforce the allowFrom allowlist when allowedRoles is unset or empty, allowing unauthorized Twitch users to trigger agent dispatch. Remote attackers can mention the bot in Twitch chat to bypass access control and invoke the agent pipeline, potentially causing unintended actions or resource exhaustion.

CVSS v3
9.4
EG Score
9.4CRITICALmedium confidence
EG Risk
58
EG Risk 58/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity94% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 9.4 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation0.5% × 40%
FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.
Automatability100% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: yes (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.
EPSS PROB
0.5%
EPSS %ILE
44th
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (9.4): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 9.4 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
9.4 CRITICALCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.NVD CVSS v3 · CVSS v3.0 or v3.1
EG Likelihood
0.5% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-11-12). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).CISA BOD 26-04: 14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.

Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.

The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

March 5, 2026

Last Modified

June 17, 2026

Advisory Details (3)

Auto-updated Oct 2, 2026
Patch available. Sources: github_commit, github.
Web page

OpenClaw 2026.1.29 < 2026.2.1 - Authorization Bypass in Twitch Plugin allowFrom Access Control | Advisories | VulnCheck

https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-authorization-bypass-in-twitch-plugin-allowfrom-access-control
GitHub advisoryMentions a patch (unverified)

Twitch allowFrom not enforced in optional plugin, unauthorized chat users can trigger agent pipeline · Advisory · openclaw/openclaw · GitHub

https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-33rq-m5x2-fvgf
GitHub commit

commit 8c7901c98486 (openclaw/openclaw)

Fix landed in openclaw/openclaw commit 8c7901c98486 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/8c7901c984866a776eb59662dc9d8b028de4f0d0

Vendor Advisories for CVE-2026-28448(1)

These vendors published their own advisory mentioning this CVE — often with vendor-specific remediation steps + affected product lists not in NVD.

Patch Availability(1)

Vendor / EcosystemFix (by version range) / PatchReleasedSource
npmopenclaw @ 2026.2.1 (fixes >= 2026.1.29, < 2026.2.1)—ghsa

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Affected Packages

(1 across 1 ecosystem)
npm(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
openclaw—
  • 2026.1.29 up to 2026.2.1: fixed in 2026.2.1
—

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 14× in last 7d / 45× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed its CVE.org record (CNA or CISA ADP). An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). "EchelonGraph re-scored" is our own recompute of this CVE's score, not an update from a source, and is not counted in the refreshes above. Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 100 of 167 rows on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. None are among the latest 100 rows. The 67 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-11-12 21:07 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  2. 2026-11-12 21:07 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-33rq-m5x2-fvgf · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.3
  3. 2026-11-12 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  4. 2026-11-11 22:38 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  5. 2026-11-11 22:38 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-33rq-m5x2-fvgf · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.3
  6. 2026-11-11 16:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  7. 2026-11-11 00:09 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  8. 2026-11-11 00:09 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-33rq-m5x2-fvgf · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.3
  9. 2026-11-10 16:43 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  10. 2026-11-10 01:35 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  11. 2026-11-10 01:35 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-33rq-m5x2-fvgf · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.3
  12. 2026-11-09 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  13. 2026-11-09 03:06 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  14. 2026-11-09 03:06 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-33rq-m5x2-fvgf · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.3
  15. 2026-11-08 16:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  16. 2026-11-08 04:38 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  17. 2026-11-08 04:38 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-33rq-m5x2-fvgf · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.3
  18. 2026-11-07 16:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  19. 2026-11-07 06:09 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  20. 2026-11-07 06:09 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-33rq-m5x2-fvgf · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.3
  21. 2026-11-06 16:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  22. 2026-11-06 07:39 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  23. 2026-11-06 07:39 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-33rq-m5x2-fvgf · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.3
  24. 2026-11-06 04:55 UTCOSV refresh
  25. 2026-11-05 16:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
Show 75 more
  1. 2026-11-05 09:11 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  2. 2026-11-05 09:11 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-33rq-m5x2-fvgf · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.3
  3. 2026-11-04 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 44th percentile
  4. 2026-11-04 10:42 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  5. 2026-11-04 10:42 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-33rq-m5x2-fvgf · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.3
  6. 2026-11-03 16:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  7. 2026-11-03 12:13 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  8. 2026-11-03 12:13 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-33rq-m5x2-fvgf · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.3
  9. 2026-11-02 16:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  10. 2026-11-02 13:43 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  11. 2026-11-02 13:43 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-33rq-m5x2-fvgf · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.3
  12. 2026-11-01 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  13. 2026-11-01 15:13 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-33rq-m5x2-fvgf · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.3
  14. 2026-11-01 07:55 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-33rq-m5x2-fvgf · GitHub severity HIGH · GitHub CVSS 7.3
  15. 2026-11-01 07:55 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  16. 2026-10-31 16:45 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  17. 2026-10-31 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  18. 2026-10-30 17:49 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  19. 2026-10-30 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 40th percentile
  20. 2026-10-29 19:21 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  21. 2026-10-29 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 40th percentile
  22. 2026-10-28 20:53 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  23. 2026-10-28 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 40th percentile
  24. 2026-10-27 22:23 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  25. 2026-10-27 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 40th percentile
  26. 2026-10-26 23:51 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  27. 2026-10-26 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 40th percentile
  28. 2026-10-25 21:47 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  29. 2026-10-25 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 40th percentile
  30. 2026-10-25 14:38 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  31. 2026-10-24 23:11 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  32. 2026-10-24 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 46th percentile
  33. 2026-10-24 00:43 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  34. 2026-10-23 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 46th percentile
  35. 2026-10-23 02:14 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  36. 2026-10-22 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 46th percentile
  37. 2026-10-22 03:42 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  38. 2026-10-21 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
  39. 2026-10-21 05:14 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  40. 2026-10-20 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
  41. 2026-10-20 06:45 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  42. 2026-10-19 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
  43. 2026-10-19 08:15 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  44. 2026-10-18 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
  45. 2026-10-18 03:50 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  46. 2026-10-17 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
  47. 2026-10-17 06:23 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  48. 2026-10-16 16:41 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
  49. 2026-10-16 07:46 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  50. 2026-10-15 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
  51. 2026-10-15 06:46 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  52. 2026-10-14 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 45th percentile
  53. 2026-10-14 02:29 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  54. 2026-10-13 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
  55. 2026-10-12 22:43 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  56. 2026-10-12 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
  57. 2026-10-12 16:16 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  58. 2026-10-11 19:58 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  59. 2026-10-11 17:12 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  60. 2026-10-11 14:42 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  61. 2026-10-11 14:36 UTCOSV refresh
  62. 2026-10-11 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
  63. 2026-10-10 20:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
  64. 2026-10-09 20:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
  65. 2026-10-08 17:11 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
  66. 2026-10-07 23:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
  67. 2026-10-06 15:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
  68. 2026-10-05 17:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
  69. 2026-10-04 23:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
  70. 2026-10-03 14:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 44th percentile
  71. 2026-10-01 19:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  72. 2026-09-30 15:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 43rd percentile
  73. 2026-09-28 13:51 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  74. 2026-09-26 15:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile
  75. 2026-09-26 00:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 42nd percentile

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2026-28448?
CVE-2026-28448 is a critical-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on March 5, 2026. OpenClaw versions 2026.1.29 prior to 2026.2.1 contain a vulnerability in the Twitch plugin (must be installed and enabled) in which it fails to enforce the allowFrom allowlist when allowedRoles is unset or empty, allowing unauthorized Twitch users to trigger agent dispatch. Remote attackers can…
When was CVE-2026-28448 made public?
CVE-2026-28448 was made public on February 14, 2026: that is the date its CVE record's CNA, VulnCheck, gives for when the vulnerability was made public. The CVE record itself was published on March 5, 2026. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of June 17, 2026; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2026-28448 actively exploited?
CVE-2026-28448 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0.5% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (44th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2026-28448?
CVE-2026-28448 has a CVSS v3 base score of 9.4 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2026-28448?
A fix for CVE-2026-28448 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory. The vendor advisories EchelonGraph has for CVE-2026-28448 are linked in the Vendor Advisories panel on this page.

Dependency Blast Radius

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