CVE-2026-40477

CRITICALPre-NVD 9.09.0
EchelonGraph scoreHIGH confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to the CVSS score beside it.

Score elevated to 9.0 because this CVE is listed on ENISA's EU Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalogue (Source: ENISA EUVD), indicating that ENISA records real-world exploitation of it. It is not on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. A secondary CVSS source baseline 9.0 retained for reference (NVD's own analysis pending). Confidence: HIGH.

Triggered by: ENISA EU KEV (actively exploited, as ENISA records it; Source: ENISA EUVD)
Sources: EPSS, ENISA's EU Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalogue, GitHub Security Advisory, a secondary CVSS source

Also known asEUVD-2026-23571 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-r4v4-5mwr-2fwr (GitHub Security Advisories)Source: ENISA EUVD

9.0EG
EchelonGraph verdictPatch soonRemediate within your standard update timelines at low, sooner than that at medium and as soon as possible at high mission impact (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • Exploited in the wild, as ENISA's EU KEV records it (Source: ENISA EUVD); CISA has not listed it
CISA-KEV: Not listedENISA EU KEV: Listed (Source: ENISA EUVD)EPSS PROB: 0.9%CVSS: 9.0Exploit: No code on recordExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

Thymeleaf is a server-side Java template engine for web and standalone environments. Versions 3.1.3.RELEASE and prior contain a security bypass vulnerability in the expression execution mechanisms. Although the library provides mechanisms to prevent expression injection, it fails to properly restrict the scope of accessible objects, allowing specific potentially sensitive objects to be reached from within a template. If an application developer passes unvalidated user input directly to the template engine, an unauthenticated remote attacker can bypass the library's protections to achieve Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI). This issue has ben fixed in version 3.1.4.RELEASE.

CVSS v3
9.0
EG Score
9.0CRITICALhigh confidence
EG Risk
81
EG Risk 81/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity90% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 9.0 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation100% × 40%
Fixed at 100% for an ENISA EU KEV listing (CISA's catalog does not list this CVE): EchelonGraph's rule. Source: ENISA EUVD.
Automatability0% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: no (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low, Attend at medium and Act at high mission impact.
Exploitation active (ENISA EU KEV listing; Source: ENISA EUVD) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). From CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment): automatable and technical impact; the others come from the sources named beside them. EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low, sooner than that at medium and as soon as possible at high mission impact.
EPSS PROB
0.9%
EPSS %ILE
58th
KEV
Not in CISA'sENISA's EU KEV lists it (below). Source: ENISA EUVD

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (9.0): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 9.0 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
9.0 CRITICALCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
EG Likelihood
0.9% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-11-12). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
ENISA EU KEV (Source: ENISA EUVD)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Attend at medium mission impactTrack at low, Attend at medium and Act at high mission impact.CISA BOD 26-04: 14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

ENISA EU KEV: listed October 10, 2026, reported by CNW; not on CISA's KEV catalog.

Source: ENISA EUVD (EU Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalogue), reproduced with acknowledgement. How a listing moves the EG score

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low, Attend at medium and Act at high mission impact.

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low, sooner than that at medium and as soon as possible at high mission impact.

Exploitation active (ENISA EU KEV listing; Source: ENISA EUVD) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). From CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment): automatable and technical impact; the others come from the sources named beside them. EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.

The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

April 17, 2026

Last Modified

October 26, 2026

Advisory Details (1)

Auto-updated Sep 16, 2026
Patch available. Sources: github.
GitHub advisoryMentions a patch (unverified)

Improper restriction of the scope of accessible objects in Thymeleaf expressions · Advisory · thymeleaf/thymeleaf · GitHub

https://github.com/thymeleaf/thymeleaf/security/advisories/GHSA-r4v4-5mwr-2fwr

Vendor Advisories for CVE-2026-40477(2)

These vendors published their own advisory mentioning this CVE — often with vendor-specific remediation steps + affected product lists not in NVD.

Patch Availability(2)

Vendor / EcosystemFix (by version range) / PatchReleasedSource
redhatdevspaces/pluginregistry-rhel9:17793594232026-05-28redhat
mavenorg.thymeleaf:thymeleaf @ 3.1.4.RELEASE (fixes <= 3.1.3.RELEASE)—ghsa

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Affected Packages

(3 across 1 ecosystem)
Maven(3)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
org.thymeleaf:thymeleaf1.0.0 ... m1 (81 versions)
  • every version up to 3.1.4.RELEASE: fixed in 3.1.4.RELEASE
—
org.thymeleaf:thymeleaf-spring53.0.10.RELEASE ... 3.1.3.RELEASE (22 versions)
  • every version up to 3.1.4.RELEASE: fixed in 3.1.4.RELEASE
—
org.thymeleaf:thymeleaf-spring63.1.0.M1 ... 3.1.3.RELEASE (9 versions)
  • every version up to 3.1.4.RELEASE: fixed in 3.1.4.RELEASE
—

Weakness Classification(2)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 21× in last 7d / 78× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed its CVE.org record (CNA or CISA ADP). An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). "EchelonGraph re-scored" is our own recompute of this CVE's score, not an update from a source, and is not counted in the refreshes above. Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 100 of 391 rows on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. None are among the latest 100 rows. The 291 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-11-12 16:36 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  2. 2026-11-12 16:36 UTCVendor advisory
  3. 2026-11-12 16:36 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4v4-5mwr-2fwr · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.0
  4. 2026-11-12 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  5. 2026-11-11 18:17 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  6. 2026-11-11 18:17 UTCVendor advisory
  7. 2026-11-11 18:17 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4v4-5mwr-2fwr · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.0
  8. 2026-11-11 16:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  9. 2026-11-10 19:57 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  10. 2026-11-10 19:57 UTCVendor advisory
  11. 2026-11-10 19:57 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4v4-5mwr-2fwr · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.0
  12. 2026-11-10 16:43 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  13. 2026-11-09 21:29 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  14. 2026-11-09 21:29 UTCVendor advisory
  15. 2026-11-09 21:29 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4v4-5mwr-2fwr · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.0
  16. 2026-11-09 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  17. 2026-11-08 23:11 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  18. 2026-11-08 23:11 UTCVendor advisory
  19. 2026-11-08 23:11 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4v4-5mwr-2fwr · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.0
  20. 2026-11-08 16:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  21. 2026-11-08 00:51 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  22. 2026-11-08 00:51 UTCVendor advisory
  23. 2026-11-08 00:51 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4v4-5mwr-2fwr · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.0
  24. 2026-11-07 16:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  25. 2026-11-07 02:33 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
Show 75 more
  1. 2026-11-07 02:33 UTCVendor advisory
  2. 2026-11-07 02:33 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4v4-5mwr-2fwr · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.0
  3. 2026-11-06 16:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  4. 2026-11-06 07:55 UTCOSV refresh
  5. 2026-11-06 04:13 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  6. 2026-11-06 04:13 UTCVendor advisory
  7. 2026-11-06 04:13 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4v4-5mwr-2fwr · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.0
  8. 2026-11-05 16:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  9. 2026-11-05 05:47 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  10. 2026-11-05 05:47 UTCVendor advisory
  11. 2026-11-05 05:47 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4v4-5mwr-2fwr · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.0
  12. 2026-11-04 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  13. 2026-11-04 07:28 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  14. 2026-11-04 07:28 UTCVendor advisory
  15. 2026-11-04 07:28 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4v4-5mwr-2fwr · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.0
  16. 2026-11-03 16:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  17. 2026-11-03 09:08 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  18. 2026-11-03 09:08 UTCVendor advisory
  19. 2026-11-03 09:08 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4v4-5mwr-2fwr · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.0
  20. 2026-11-02 16:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  21. 2026-11-02 10:49 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  22. 2026-11-02 10:49 UTCVendor advisory
  23. 2026-11-02 10:49 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4v4-5mwr-2fwr · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.0
  24. 2026-11-01 12:31 UTCVendor advisory
  25. 2026-11-01 12:31 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4v4-5mwr-2fwr · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.0
  26. 2026-11-01 07:51 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4v4-5mwr-2fwr · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.0
  27. 2026-11-01 07:51 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  28. 2026-10-31 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  29. 2026-10-31 14:11 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  30. 2026-10-31 14:11 UTCVendor advisory
  31. 2026-10-30 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  32. 2026-10-30 15:51 UTCVendor advisory
  33. 2026-10-29 17:33 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  34. 2026-10-29 17:33 UTCVendor advisory
  35. 2026-10-29 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  36. 2026-10-28 19:14 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  37. 2026-10-28 19:14 UTCVendor advisory
  38. 2026-10-28 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  39. 2026-10-27 20:50 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  40. 2026-10-27 20:50 UTCVendor advisory
  41. 2026-10-27 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 58th percentile
  42. 2026-10-26 22:27 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored▼ 0.10
  43. 2026-10-26 22:27 UTCVendor advisory
  44. 2026-10-26 22:26 UTCNVD updateCVSS v3 → 9
  45. 2026-10-26 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 57th percentile
  46. 2026-10-26 12:09 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  47. 2026-10-26 12:09 UTCVendor advisory
  48. 2026-10-25 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 57th percentile
  49. 2026-10-25 13:47 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  50. 2026-10-25 13:47 UTCVendor advisory
  51. 2026-10-25 13:46 UTCENISA EU KEV listingEUVD-2026-23571 · listed October 10, 2026 · reported by CNW · Source: ENISA EUVD
  52. 2026-10-24 22:15 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  53. 2026-10-24 22:15 UTCVendor advisory
  54. 2026-10-24 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 60th percentile
  55. 2026-10-23 23:53 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  56. 2026-10-23 23:53 UTCVendor advisory
  57. 2026-10-23 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 60th percentile
  58. 2026-10-23 01:33 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  59. 2026-10-23 01:33 UTCVendor advisory
  60. 2026-10-22 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 60th percentile
  61. 2026-10-22 03:15 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  62. 2026-10-22 03:15 UTCVendor advisory
  63. 2026-10-21 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 60th percentile
  64. 2026-10-21 04:54 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  65. 2026-10-21 04:54 UTCVendor advisory
  66. 2026-10-20 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 60th percentile
  67. 2026-10-20 06:35 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  68. 2026-10-20 06:35 UTCVendor advisory
  69. 2026-10-19 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 60th percentile
  70. 2026-10-19 08:15 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  71. 2026-10-19 08:15 UTCVendor advisory
  72. 2026-10-18 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 60th percentile
  73. 2026-10-18 09:46 UTCVendor advisory
  74. 2026-10-18 03:42 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  75. 2026-10-17 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.9% · 60th percentile

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2026-40477?
CVE-2026-40477 is a critical-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on April 17, 2026. Thymeleaf is a server-side Java template engine for web and standalone environments. Versions 3.1.3.RELEASE and prior contain a security bypass vulnerability in the expression execution mechanisms. Although the library provides mechanisms to prevent expression injection, it fails to properly…
When was the CVE record for CVE-2026-40477 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2026-40477 was published on April 17, 2026. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of October 26, 2026; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2026-40477 actively exploited?
CVE-2026-40477 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. ENISA's EU Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalogue lists CVE-2026-40477 (added October 10, 2026, reported by CNW): ENISA records its exploitation in the wild. Source: ENISA EUVD (EU Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalogue), reproduced with acknowledgement. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0.9% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (58th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2026-40477?
CVE-2026-40477 has a CVSS base score of 9.0 (a secondary CVSS source that NVD displays; NVD's own analysis pending).
How do I remediate CVE-2026-40477?
A fix for CVE-2026-40477 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory. The vendor advisories EchelonGraph has for CVE-2026-40477 are linked in the Vendor Advisories panel on this page.

Dependency Blast Radius

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