CVE-2026-31451

MEDIUMNVD 5.55.5
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.

Score 5.5 from GitHub Security Advisory (severity: MODERATE) published 2026-04-22. NVD baseline CVSS 5.5; sources differ by 0.0.

Triggered by: GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
Sources: EPSS, GitHub Security Advisory, NVD CVSS v3

Also known asEUVD-2026-24790 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-4jw8-cp5g-24j2 (GitHub Security Advisories)Source: ENISA EUVD

5.5EG
EchelonGraph verdictMonitorRemediate within your standard update timelines (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • Lower severity and no public exploit yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0.1%CVSS: 5.5Exploit: None knownExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

ext4: replace BUG_ON with proper error handling in ext4_read_inline_folio

Replace BUG_ON() with proper error handling when inline data size exceeds PAGE_SIZE. This prevents kernel panic and allows the system to continue running while properly reporting the filesystem corruption.

The error is logged via ext4_error_inode(), the buffer head is released to prevent memory leak, and -EFSCORRUPTED is returned to indicate filesystem corruption.

CVSS v3
5.5
EG Score
5.5MEDIUMmedium confidence
EG Risk
25
EG Risk 25/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity55% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 5.5 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation0.1% × 40%
FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.
Automatability0% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: no (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at every mission impact level.
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.
EPSS PROB
0.1%
EPSS %ILE
2nd
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (5.5): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 5.5 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
5.5 MEDIUMCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
EG Likelihood
0.1% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-11-11). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at every mission impact level.CISA BOD 26-04: 60 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at every mission impact level.

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines.

Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)60 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; Fix on system upgrade if it is not.

The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable no (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

April 22, 2026

Last Modified

November 11, 2026

Advisory Details (5)

Auto-updated May 6, 2026
Patch available.
Web page

ext4: replace BUG_ON with proper error handling in ext4_read_inline_folio - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d4b3f370c3d8f7ce565d4a718572c9f7c12f77ed
Web page

ext4: replace BUG_ON with proper error handling in ext4_read_inline_folio - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a7d600e04732a7d29b107c91fe3aec64cf6ce7f2
Web page

ext4: replace BUG_ON with proper error handling in ext4_read_inline_folio - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/823849a26af089ffc5dfdd2ae4b9d446b46a0cda
Web page

ext4: replace BUG_ON with proper error handling in ext4_read_inline_folio - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/65c6c30ce6362c1c684568744ea510c921a756cd
Web page

ext4: replace BUG_ON with proper error handling in ext4_read_inline_folio - kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree

https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/356227096eb66e41b23caf7045e6304877322edf

Vendor Advisories for CVE-2026-31451(2)

These vendors published their own advisory mentioning this CVE — often with vendor-specific remediation steps + affected product lists not in NVD.

Patch Availability(23)

Vendor / EcosystemFix (by version range) / PatchReleasedSource
ubuntulinux-tools-azure-edge (6.8.0-1063.71~22.04.1) @ jammy2026-11-11ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-azure-fde-lts-22.04 (5.15.0.1122.131) @ jammy2026-11-11ubuntu
ubuntulinux-xilinx-zynqmp (6.8.0.1033.34) @ noble2026-11-11ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-gcp-edge (5.15.0.1118.128~20.04.1) @ focal2026-11-11ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-azure-fde-lts-24.04 (6.8.0-1062.69) @ noble2026-11-11ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-aws-fips-6.8 (6.8.0-1061.64+fips1) @ noble2026-11-11ubuntu
ubuntulinux-virtual-hwe-22.04-edge (6.8.0-136.136~22.04.1) @ jammy2026-11-11ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-oracle-edge (5.15.0.1114.120~20.04.1) @ focal2026-11-11ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-gcp-lts-22.04 (5.15.0.1118.115) @ jammy2026-11-11ubuntu
ubuntulinux-xilinx-zynqmp-tools-5.15.0-1080 (5.15.0-1080.84) @ jammy2026-11-11ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-nvidia-lowlatency-5.15 (5.15.0.1112.112) @ jammy2026-11-11ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-raspi-realtime-6.8 (6.8.0-2050.52) @ noble2026-11-11ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-nvidia-tegra-rt-5.15 (5.15.0.1070.70) @ jammy2026-11-11ubuntu
ubuntulinux-virtual-6.8 (6.8.0-136.136) @ noble2026-11-11ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-gcp-fips-6.8 (6.8.0-1064.72+fips1) @ noble2026-11-11ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-oracle-lts-24.04 (6.8.0-1058.61) @ noble2026-11-11ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-oracle-edge (6.8.0-1058.61~22.04.1) @ jammy2026-11-11ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-raspi-nolpae (5.15.0.1113.111) @ jammy2026-11-11ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-nvidia-lowlatency-64k-6.8 (6.8.0-1059.62.1) @ noble2026-11-11ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-aws-lts-24.04 (6.8.0-1061.64+1) @ noble2026-11-11ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-azure-fde-6.8 (6.8.0-1062.69~22.04.1) @ jammy2026-11-11ubuntu
ubuntulinux-tools-azure-fips-6.8 (6.8.0-1063.71+fips2) @ noble2026-11-11ubuntu
linuxKernel @ 5.10.260 (fixes >=3.8.0)—osv

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Affected Packages

(5 across 4 ecosystems)
Debian:11(2)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux5.10.103-1 ... 5.10.92-2 (55 versions)
  • every version up to 5.10.262-1: fixed in 5.10.262-1
—
linux-6.16.1.106-3~deb11u1 ... 6.1.176-1~deb11u1 (21 versions)
  • every version up to 6.1.177-1~deb11u1: fixed in 6.1.177-1~deb11u1
—
Debian:12(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux6.1.106-1 ... 6.1.99-1 (54 versions)
  • every version up to 6.1.177-1: fixed in 6.1.177-1
—
Debian:13(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux6.12.38-1 ... 6.12.85-1~bpo12+1 (17 versions)
  • every version up to 6.12.85-1: fixed in 6.12.85-1
—
Debian:14(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
linux6.12.100-1 ... 6.19~rc8-1~exp1 (128 versions)
  • every version up to 6.19.11-1: fixed in 6.19.11-1
—

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Additional Vendor Advisories

(22)

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 8× in last 7d / 37× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed its CVE.org record (CNA or CISA ADP). An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). "EchelonGraph re-scored" is our own recompute of this CVE's score, not an update from a source, and is not counted in the refreshes above. Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 100 of 299 rows on record for this CVE, as 95 entries (5 repeats merged).

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 5 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 199 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-11-13 16:52 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  2. 2026-11-12 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  3. 2026-11-11 23:38 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  4. 2026-11-11 23:38 UTCVendor advisory
  5. 2026-11-11 23:38 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4jw8-cp5g-24j2 · GitHub severity MODERATE · GitHub CVSS 5.5
  6. 2026-11-11 16:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  7. 2026-11-10 16:43 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  8. 2026-11-08 16:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  9. 2026-11-07 16:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  10. 2026-11-06 16:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  11. 2026-11-05 22:30 UTCVendor advisory
  12. 2026-11-05 22:30 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4jw8-cp5g-24j2 · GitHub severity MODERATE · GitHub CVSS 5.5
  13. 2026-11-05 21:53 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  14. 2026-11-05 21:53 UTCVendor advisory
  15. 2026-11-05 21:53 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4jw8-cp5g-24j2 · GitHub severity MODERATE · GitHub CVSS 5.5
  16. 2026-11-05 16:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  17. 2026-11-04 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  18. 2026-11-03 16:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  19. 2026-11-02 16:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  20. 2026-11-01 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  21. 2026-10-31 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  22. 2026-10-30 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  23. 2026-10-27 16:55 UTCOSV refresh
  24. 2026-10-27 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  25. 2026-10-26 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
Show 70 more
  1. 2026-10-25 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  2. 2026-10-25 14:36 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  3. 2026-10-24 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  4. 2026-10-23 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  5. 2026-10-22 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  6. 2026-10-21 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  7. 2026-10-20 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  8. 2026-10-19 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  9. 2026-10-18 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  10. 2026-10-18 03:48 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  11. 2026-10-17 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  12. 2026-10-16 16:41 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  13. 2026-10-15 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  14. 2026-10-15 02:46 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4jw8-cp5g-24j2 · GitHub CVSS 5.5
  15. 2026-10-15 01:53 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  16. 2026-10-15 01:53 UTCVendor advisory
  17. 2026-10-15 01:53 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4jw8-cp5g-24j2 · GitHub CVSS 5.5
  18. 2026-10-14 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 1st percentile
  19. 2026-10-13 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  20. 2026-10-12 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  21. 2026-10-12 16:15 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  22. 2026-10-11 19:57 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  23. 2026-10-11 17:11 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  24. 2026-10-11 14:39 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  25. 2026-10-11 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  26. 2026-10-10 20:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  27. 2026-10-10 18:03 UTCOSV refresh
  28. 2026-10-09 20:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  29. 2026-10-08 17:12 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  30. 2026-10-07 23:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  31. 2026-10-06 15:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  32. 2026-10-05 17:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  33. 2026-10-04 23:22 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  34. 2026-10-03 14:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  35. 2026-10-01 19:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  36. 2026-09-30 15:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  37. 2026-09-28 13:51 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  38. 2026-09-26 15:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  39. 2026-09-26 00:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.2% · 4th percentile
  40. 2026-09-21 05:19 UTCOSV refresh
  41. 2026-09-20 20:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  42. 2026-09-18 19:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  43. 2026-09-17 19:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  44. 2026-09-16 14:08 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  45. 2026-09-16 05:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  46. 2026-09-13 16:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  47. 2026-09-12 15:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  48. 2026-09-11 14:52 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  49. 2026-09-10 09:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  50. 2026-09-08 22:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  51. 2026-09-07 16:01 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  52. 2026-09-06 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  53. 2026-09-04 05:06 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  54. 2026-09-02 14:11 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  55. 2026-09-02 03:04 UTCOSV refresh
  56. 2026-09-01 13:53 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  57. 2026-09-01 04:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  58. 2026-08-30 19:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  59. 2026-08-30 01:22 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  60. 2026-08-28 21:41 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  61. 2026-08-27 14:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  62. 2026-08-26 14:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  63. 2026-08-25 13:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  64. 2026-08-24 14:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  65. 2026-08-23 00:19 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  66. 2026-08-21 23:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  67. 2026-08-20 22:55 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  68. 2026-08-19 17:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  69. 2026-08-18 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile
  70. 2026-08-16 14:56 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.1% · 2nd percentile

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2026-31451?
CVE-2026-31451 is a medium-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on April 22, 2026. In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ext4: replace BUG_ON with proper error handling in ext4_read_inline_folio Replace BUG_ON() with proper error handling when inline data size exceeds PAGE_SIZE. This prevents kernel panic and allows the system to continue running…
When was the CVE record for CVE-2026-31451 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2026-31451 was published on April 22, 2026. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of November 11, 2026; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2026-31451 actively exploited?
CVE-2026-31451 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0.1% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (2nd percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2026-31451?
CVE-2026-31451 has a CVSS v3 base score of 5.5 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2026-31451?
A fix for CVE-2026-31451 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory. The vendor advisories EchelonGraph has for CVE-2026-31451 are linked in the Vendor Advisories panel on this page.

Dependency Blast Radius

See which npm, PyPI, Go, and Maven packages are affected by CVE-2026-31451

Explore →

Is Your Infrastructure Affected by CVE-2026-31451?

EchelonGraph automatically scans your cloud infrastructure and maps CVE exposure using blast radius analysis.