CVE-2026-28446

CRITICALNVD 9.89.8
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.

This critical-severity CVE scores 9.8 under NVD CVSS v3. EPSS exploit probability: 0.7% (55th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs). GitHub Security Advisory CVSS 9.4 is lower than this score; a lower GitHub score revises it only when its advisory is newer than the CVE record's last change, and this advisory (published 2026-02-17) is not newer than that change (2026-06-17), so it does not.

Triggered by: Headline CVSS from NVD CVSS v3
Sources: EPSS, GitHub Security Advisory, NVD CVSS v3

Also known asEUVD-2026-9896 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-4rj2-gpmh-qq5x (GitHub Security Advisories)Source: ENISA EUVD

9.8EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixRemediate within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0.7%CVSS: 9.8Exploit: None knownExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.1 with the voice-call extension installed and enabled contain an authentication bypass vulnerability in inbound allowlist policy validation that accepts empty caller IDs and uses suffix-based matching instead of strict equality. Remote attackers can bypass inbound access controls by placing calls with missing caller IDs or numbers ending with allowlisted digits to reach the voice-call agent and execute tools.

CVSS v3
9.8
EG Score
9.8CRITICALmedium confidence
EG Risk
59
EG Risk 59/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity98% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 9.8 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation0.8% × 40%
FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.
Automatability100% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: yes (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.
EPSS PROB
0.7%
EPSS %ILE
55th
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (9.8): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 9.8 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
9.8 CRITICALCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.NVD CVSS v3 · CVSS v3.0 or v3.1
EG Likelihood
0.7% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-11-12). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).CISA BOD 26-04: 3 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.

Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)3 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.

The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

March 5, 2026

Last Modified

June 17, 2026

Advisory Details (2)

Auto-updated Oct 31, 2026
Patch available. Sources: github_commit, github.
GitHub advisoryMentions a patch (unverified)

Inbound allowlist policy bypass in voice-call extension (empty caller ID + suffix matching) · Advisory · openclaw/openclaw · GitHub

https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-4rj2-gpmh-qq5x
GitHub commit

commit f8dfd034f5d9 (openclaw/openclaw)

Fix landed in openclaw/openclaw commit f8dfd034f5d9 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/f8dfd034f5d9235c5485f492a9e4ccc114e97fdb

Vendor Advisories for CVE-2026-28446(1)

These vendors published their own advisory mentioning this CVE — often with vendor-specific remediation steps + affected product lists not in NVD.

Patch Availability(1)

Vendor / EcosystemFix (by version range) / PatchReleasedSource
npmopenclaw @ 2026.2.2 (fixes < 2026.2.2)—ghsa

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Affected Packages

(1 across 1 ecosystem)
npm(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
openclaw—
  • every version up to 2026.2.2: fixed in 2026.2.2
—

Weakness Classification(2)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 13× in last 7d / 42× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed its CVE.org record (CNA or CISA ADP). An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). "EchelonGraph re-scored" is our own recompute of this CVE's score, not an update from a source, and is not counted in the refreshes above. Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 100 of 161 rows on record for this CVE, as 98 entries (2 repeats merged).

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 2 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 61 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-11-12 19:06 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  2. 2026-11-12 19:06 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4rj2-gpmh-qq5x · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.4
  3. 2026-11-12 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 55th percentile
  4. 2026-11-11 16:50 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  5. 2026-11-11 16:50 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4rj2-gpmh-qq5x · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.4
  6. 2026-11-11 16:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 55th percentile
  7. 2026-11-10 16:43 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 55th percentile
  8. 2026-11-10 14:37 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  9. 2026-11-10 14:37 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4rj2-gpmh-qq5x · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.4
  10. 2026-11-09 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 55th percentile
  11. 2026-11-09 12:24 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  12. 2026-11-09 12:24 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4rj2-gpmh-qq5x · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.4
  13. 2026-11-08 16:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 55th percentile
  14. 2026-11-08 10:11 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  15. 2026-11-08 10:11 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4rj2-gpmh-qq5x · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.4
  16. 2026-11-07 16:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 55th percentile
  17. 2026-11-07 07:54 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  18. 2026-11-07 07:54 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4rj2-gpmh-qq5x · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.4
  19. 2026-11-06 16:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 55th percentile
  20. 2026-11-06 05:41 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  21. 2026-11-06 05:41 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4rj2-gpmh-qq5x · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.4
  22. 2026-11-06 04:55 UTCOSV refresh
  23. 2026-11-05 16:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 55th percentile
  24. 2026-11-05 03:28 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  25. 2026-11-05 03:28 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4rj2-gpmh-qq5x · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.4
Show 73 more
  1. 2026-11-04 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 54th percentile
  2. 2026-11-04 01:14 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  3. 2026-11-04 01:14 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4rj2-gpmh-qq5x · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.4
  4. 2026-11-03 16:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 54th percentile
  5. 2026-11-02 22:56 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  6. 2026-11-02 22:55 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4rj2-gpmh-qq5x · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.4
  7. 2026-11-02 16:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 54th percentile
  8. 2026-11-01 20:42 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  9. 2026-11-01 20:41 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4rj2-gpmh-qq5x · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.4
  10. 2026-11-01 07:55 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-4rj2-gpmh-qq5x · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.4
  11. 2026-11-01 07:55 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  12. 2026-10-31 18:27 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  13. 2026-10-31 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 54th percentile
  14. 2026-10-30 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 52nd percentile
  15. 2026-10-30 16:01 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  16. 2026-10-29 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 52nd percentile
  17. 2026-10-29 13:48 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  18. 2026-10-28 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 52nd percentile
  19. 2026-10-28 11:31 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  20. 2026-10-27 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 52nd percentile
  21. 2026-10-27 08:53 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  22. 2026-10-26 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 52nd percentile
  23. 2026-10-26 05:10 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  24. 2026-10-25 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 52nd percentile
  25. 2026-10-25 14:38 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  26. 2026-10-25 02:57 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  27. 2026-10-24 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 63rd percentile
  28. 2026-10-24 00:44 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  29. 2026-10-23 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 63rd percentile
  30. 2026-10-22 22:30 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  31. 2026-10-22 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 63rd percentile
  32. 2026-10-21 20:12 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  33. 2026-10-21 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 63rd percentile
  34. 2026-10-20 17:59 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  35. 2026-10-20 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 62nd percentile
  36. 2026-10-19 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 62nd percentile
  37. 2026-10-19 15:44 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  38. 2026-10-18 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 62nd percentile
  39. 2026-10-18 03:50 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  40. 2026-10-17 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 62nd percentile
  41. 2026-10-17 11:15 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  42. 2026-10-16 16:41 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 62nd percentile
  43. 2026-10-16 09:01 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  44. 2026-10-15 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 62nd percentile
  45. 2026-10-15 06:46 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  46. 2026-10-14 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 62nd percentile
  47. 2026-10-14 02:29 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  48. 2026-10-13 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 62nd percentile
  49. 2026-10-12 22:44 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  50. 2026-10-12 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 62nd percentile
  51. 2026-10-12 16:16 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  52. 2026-10-11 19:58 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  53. 2026-10-11 17:12 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  54. 2026-10-11 15:06 UTCOSV refresh
  55. 2026-10-11 14:42 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  56. 2026-10-11 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 62nd percentile
  57. 2026-10-10 20:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 62nd percentile
  58. 2026-10-09 20:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 62nd percentile
  59. 2026-10-08 17:11 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 62nd percentile
  60. 2026-10-07 23:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 62nd percentile
  61. 2026-10-06 15:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 62nd percentile
  62. 2026-10-05 17:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 62nd percentile
  63. 2026-10-04 23:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 62nd percentile
  64. 2026-10-03 14:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 62nd percentile
  65. 2026-10-01 19:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 61st percentile
  66. 2026-09-30 15:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 60th percentile
  67. 2026-09-28 13:51 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 60th percentile
  68. 2026-09-26 15:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 60th percentile
  69. 2026-09-26 00:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 1.0% · 60th percentile
  70. 2026-09-22 02:46 UTCOSV refresh
  71. 2026-09-20 20:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 49th percentile
  72. 2026-09-18 19:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 49th percentile
  73. 2026-09-17 19:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 49th percentile

Related CVEs(same CWE)

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2026-28446?
CVE-2026-28446 is a critical-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on March 5, 2026. OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.1 with the voice-call extension installed and enabled contain an authentication bypass vulnerability in inbound allowlist policy validation that accepts empty caller IDs and uses suffix-based matching instead of strict equality. Remote attackers can bypass inbound…
When was CVE-2026-28446 made public?
CVE-2026-28446 was made public on February 14, 2026: that is the date its CVE record's CNA, VulnCheck, gives for when the vulnerability was made public. The CVE record itself was published on March 5, 2026. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of June 17, 2026; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2026-28446 actively exploited?
CVE-2026-28446 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0.7% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (55th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2026-28446?
CVE-2026-28446 has a CVSS v3 base score of 9.8 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2026-28446?
A fix for CVE-2026-28446 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory. The vendor advisories EchelonGraph has for CVE-2026-28446 are linked in the Vendor Advisories panel on this page.

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