CVE-2026-28395

CRITICALNVD 9.19.1
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.

This critical-severity CVE scores 9.1 under NVD CVSS v3. EPSS exploit probability: 0.5% (40th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs). GitHub Security Advisory CVSS 6.5 is lower than this score; a lower GitHub score revises it only when its advisory is newer than the CVE record's last change, and this advisory (published 2026-02-17) is not newer than that change (2026-06-17), so it does not.

Triggered by: Headline CVSS from NVD CVSS v3
Sources: EPSS, GitHub Security Advisory, NVD CVSS v3

Also known asEUVD-2026-9895 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-qw99-grcx-4pvm (GitHub Security Advisories)Source: ENISA EUVD

9.1EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixRemediate within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0.5%CVSS: 9.1Exploit: None knownExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

OpenClaw version 2026.1.14-1 prior to 2026.2.12 contains an improper network binding vulnerability in the Chrome extension (must be installed and enabled) relay server that treats wildcard hosts as loopback addresses, allowing the relay HTTP/WS server to bind to all interfaces when a wildcard cdpUrl is configured. Remote attackers can access relay HTTP endpoints off-host to leak service presence and port information, or conduct denial-of-service and brute-force attacks against the relay token header.

CVSS v3
9.1
EG Score
9.1CRITICALmedium confidence
EG Risk
56
EG Risk 56/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity91% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 9.1 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation0.5% × 40%
FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.
Automatability100% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: yes (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.
EPSS PROB
0.5%
EPSS %ILE
40th
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (9.1): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 9.1 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
9.1 CRITICALCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.NVD CVSS v3 · CVSS v3.0 or v3.1
EG Likelihood
0.5% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-11-12). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).CISA BOD 26-04: 14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.

Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)14 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.

The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact partial (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

March 5, 2026

Last Modified

June 17, 2026

Advisory Details (3)

Auto-updated Sep 16, 2026
Patch available. Sources: github_commit, github.
GitHub advisoryMentions a patch (unverified)

Chrome extension relay binds publicly due to wildcard treated as loopback · Advisory · openclaw/openclaw · GitHub

https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-qw99-grcx-4pvm
GitHub commit

commit a1e89afcc19e (openclaw/openclaw)

Fix landed in openclaw/openclaw commit a1e89afcc19e — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/a1e89afcc19efd641c02b24d66d689f181ae2b5c
GitHub commit

commit 8d75a496bf5a (openclaw/openclaw)

Fix landed in openclaw/openclaw commit 8d75a496bf5a — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/8d75a496bf5aaab1755c56cf48502d967c75a1d0

Vendor Advisories for CVE-2026-28395(1)

These vendors published their own advisory mentioning this CVE — often with vendor-specific remediation steps + affected product lists not in NVD.

Patch Availability(1)

Vendor / EcosystemFix (by version range) / PatchReleasedSource
npmopenclaw @ 2026.2.12 (fixes >= 2026.1.14-1, < 2026.2.12)—ghsa

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Affected Packages

(1 across 1 ecosystem)
npm(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
openclaw—
  • 2026.1.14-1 up to 2026.2.12: fixed in 2026.2.12
—

Weakness Classification(2)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 13× in last 7d / 42× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed its CVE.org record (CNA or CISA ADP). An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). "EchelonGraph re-scored" is our own recompute of this CVE's score, not an update from a source, and is not counted in the refreshes above. Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 100 of 270 rows on record for this CVE, as 98 entries (2 repeats merged).

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. 2 repeat rows among the latest 100 are merged into the row they repeat. The 170 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-11-13 16:51 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 40th percentile
  2. 2026-11-12 19:33 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  3. 2026-11-12 19:33 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-qw99-grcx-4pvm · GitHub severity MODERATE · GitHub CVSS 6.5
  4. 2026-11-12 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 40th percentile
  5. 2026-11-11 17:15 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  6. 2026-11-11 17:15 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-qw99-grcx-4pvm · GitHub severity MODERATE · GitHub CVSS 6.5
  7. 2026-11-11 16:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 40th percentile
  8. 2026-11-10 16:43 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 40th percentile
  9. 2026-11-10 14:59 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  10. 2026-11-10 14:59 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-qw99-grcx-4pvm · GitHub severity MODERATE · GitHub CVSS 6.5
  11. 2026-11-09 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 40th percentile
  12. 2026-11-09 12:43 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  13. 2026-11-09 12:43 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-qw99-grcx-4pvm · GitHub severity MODERATE · GitHub CVSS 6.5
  14. 2026-11-08 16:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 40th percentile
  15. 2026-11-08 10:27 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  16. 2026-11-08 10:27 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-qw99-grcx-4pvm · GitHub severity MODERATE · GitHub CVSS 6.5
  17. 2026-11-07 16:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 40th percentile
  18. 2026-11-07 08:11 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  19. 2026-11-07 08:11 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-qw99-grcx-4pvm · GitHub severity MODERATE · GitHub CVSS 6.5
  20. 2026-11-06 16:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 40th percentile
  21. 2026-11-06 05:53 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  22. 2026-11-06 05:53 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-qw99-grcx-4pvm · GitHub severity MODERATE · GitHub CVSS 6.5
  23. 2026-11-06 04:55 UTCOSV refresh
  24. 2026-11-05 16:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 40th percentile
  25. 2026-11-05 03:37 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
Show 73 more
  1. 2026-11-05 03:37 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-qw99-grcx-4pvm · GitHub severity MODERATE · GitHub CVSS 6.5
  2. 2026-11-04 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 40th percentile
  3. 2026-11-04 01:20 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  4. 2026-11-04 01:20 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-qw99-grcx-4pvm · GitHub severity MODERATE · GitHub CVSS 6.5
  5. 2026-11-03 16:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 39th percentile
  6. 2026-11-02 23:04 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  7. 2026-11-02 23:04 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-qw99-grcx-4pvm · GitHub severity MODERATE · GitHub CVSS 6.5
  8. 2026-11-02 16:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 39th percentile
  9. 2026-11-01 20:47 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  10. 2026-11-01 20:47 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-qw99-grcx-4pvm · GitHub severity MODERATE · GitHub CVSS 6.5
  11. 2026-11-01 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 39th percentile
  12. 2026-11-01 07:55 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-qw99-grcx-4pvm · GitHub severity MODERATE · GitHub CVSS 6.5
  13. 2026-11-01 07:55 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  14. 2026-10-31 18:31 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  15. 2026-10-31 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.5% · 39th percentile
  16. 2026-10-30 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  17. 2026-10-30 16:08 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  18. 2026-10-29 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  19. 2026-10-29 13:52 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  20. 2026-10-28 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  21. 2026-10-28 11:36 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  22. 2026-10-27 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  23. 2026-10-27 09:02 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  24. 2026-10-26 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  25. 2026-10-26 05:35 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  26. 2026-10-25 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 36th percentile
  27. 2026-10-25 14:38 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  28. 2026-10-25 03:16 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  29. 2026-10-24 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  30. 2026-10-24 01:01 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  31. 2026-10-23 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  32. 2026-10-22 22:45 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  33. 2026-10-22 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.8% · 54th percentile
  34. 2026-10-21 20:28 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  35. 2026-10-21 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 54th percentile
  36. 2026-10-20 18:12 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  37. 2026-10-20 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  38. 2026-10-19 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  39. 2026-10-19 15:53 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  40. 2026-10-18 03:50 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  41. 2026-10-17 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  42. 2026-10-17 11:20 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  43. 2026-10-16 16:41 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  44. 2026-10-16 09:03 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  45. 2026-10-15 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  46. 2026-10-15 06:46 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  47. 2026-10-14 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  48. 2026-10-14 02:28 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  49. 2026-10-13 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  50. 2026-10-12 22:43 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  51. 2026-10-12 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  52. 2026-10-12 16:16 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  53. 2026-10-11 19:59 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  54. 2026-10-11 17:12 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  55. 2026-10-11 15:06 UTCOSV refresh
  56. 2026-10-11 14:42 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  57. 2026-10-11 13:48 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  58. 2026-10-10 20:00 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  59. 2026-10-09 20:07 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  60. 2026-10-08 17:11 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  61. 2026-10-07 23:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  62. 2026-10-06 15:17 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  63. 2026-10-05 17:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  64. 2026-10-04 23:21 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  65. 2026-10-03 14:25 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 53rd percentile
  66. 2026-10-01 19:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 51st percentile
  67. 2026-09-30 15:03 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 51st percentile
  68. 2026-09-28 13:51 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 51st percentile
  69. 2026-09-26 15:58 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 51st percentile
  70. 2026-09-26 00:26 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.7% · 51st percentile
  71. 2026-09-22 02:45 UTCOSV refresh
  72. 2026-09-20 20:15 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 33rd percentile
  73. 2026-09-18 19:27 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.4% · 33rd percentile

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2026-28395?
CVE-2026-28395 is a critical-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on March 5, 2026. OpenClaw version 2026.1.14-1 prior to 2026.2.12 contains an improper network binding vulnerability in the Chrome extension (must be installed and enabled) relay server that treats wildcard hosts as loopback addresses, allowing the relay HTTP/WS server to bind to all interfaces when a wildcard…
When was CVE-2026-28395 made public?
CVE-2026-28395 was made public on February 14, 2026: that is the date its CVE record's CNA, VulnCheck, gives for when the vulnerability was made public. The CVE record itself was published on March 5, 2026. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of June 17, 2026; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2026-28395 actively exploited?
CVE-2026-28395 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0.5% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (40th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2026-28395?
CVE-2026-28395 has a CVSS v3 base score of 9.1 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2026-28395?
A fix for CVE-2026-28395 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory. The vendor advisories EchelonGraph has for CVE-2026-28395 are linked in the Vendor Advisories panel on this page.

Dependency Blast Radius

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