CVE-2025-54123

CRITICALNVD 9.89.8
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.

Score 9.8 from GitHub Security Advisory (severity: CRITICAL) published 2025-09-10. NVD baseline CVSS 9.8; sources differ by 0.0.

Triggered by: GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
Sources: EPSS, GitHub Security Advisory, NVD CVSS v3
Elevated

Also known asEUVD-2025-27608 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf (GitHub Security Advisories) · GO-2025-3944 (OSV.dev)Source: ENISA EUVD

9.8EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan mitigationNo release containing the referenced fix is confirmed: check the referenced fix and the vendor's advisory for a release that contains it; until one is applied, restrict network exposure of the affected system or apply the vendor's mitigation on your normal schedule at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • Public exploit or proof-of-concept code is available
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 11%CVSS: 9.8Exploit: Public PoCExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is referenced (a reference tagged "Patch", often a source commit), but no release containing it is confirmed — find the release that contains it; until it is applied, mitigate (WAF / firewall / segmentation).

Hoverfly is an open source API simulation tool. In versions 1.11.3 and prior, the middleware functionality in Hoverfly is vulnerable to command injection vulnerability at /api/v2/hoverfly/middleware endpoint due to insufficient validation and sanitization in user input. The vulnerability exists in the middleware management API endpoint /api/v2/hoverfly/middleware. This issue is born due to combination of three code level flaws: Insufficient Input Validation in middleware.go line 94-96; Unsafe Command Execution in local_middleware.go line 14-19; and Immediate Execution During Testing in hoverfly_service.go line 173. This allows an attacker to gain remote code execution (RCE) on any system running the vulnerable Hoverfly service. Since the input is directly passed to system commands without proper checks, an attacker can upload a malicious payload or directly execute arbitrary commands (including reverse shells) on the host server with the privileges of the Hoverfly process. Commit 17e60a9bc78826deb4b782dca1c1abd3dbe60d40 in version 1.12.0 disables the set middleware API by default, and subsequent changes to documentation make users aware of the security changes of exposing the set middleware API.

CVSS v3
9.8
EG Score
9.8CRITICALmedium confidence
EG Risk
75
EG Risk 75/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity98% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 9.8 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation40% × 40%
EchelonGraph's fixed weight for EG-KEV Tier 3 (Elevated): a constant, not a probability.
Automatability100% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: yes (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.
Exploitation public PoC (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is referenced, but no release containing it is confirmed. Check the referenced fix and the vendor's advisory for a release that contains it; until one is applied, restrict network exposure of the affected system or apply the vendor's mitigation on your normal schedule at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.
EPSS PROB
11%
EPSS %ILE
95th
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (9.8): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 9.8 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
9.8 CRITICALCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
EG Likelihood
11% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-11-12). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track* at medium mission impactTrack at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.CISA BOD 26-04: 3 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.No released fix is confirmed on this page, but CISA's timeline does not wait for a fix's release: it starts when an agency identifies the flaw on an asset and updates the CDM Agency and Federal Dashboard, and the directive counts patching, decommissioning the system or another action as remediation. Until a fixed release is applied, mitigate as this page's verdict says.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.

A fix is referenced, but no release containing it is confirmed. Check the referenced fix and the vendor's advisory for a release that contains it; until one is applied, restrict network exposure of the affected system or apply the vendor's mitigation on your normal schedule at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.

Exploitation public PoC (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)3 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.

No released fix is confirmed on this page, but CISA's timeline does not wait for a fix's release: it starts when an agency identifies the flaw on an asset and updates the CDM Agency and Federal Dashboard, and the directive counts patching, decommissioning the system or another action as remediation. Until a fixed release is applied, mitigate as this page's verdict says.

The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

September 10, 2025

Last Modified

September 17, 2025

Advisory Details (6)

Auto-updated Oct 9, 2026
Fix referenced — no release confirmed yet. Sources: github_commit, github.
GitHub advisoryMentions a patch (unverified)

remote code execution at `/api/v2/hoverfly/middleware` endpoint due to insecure middleware implementation · Advisory · SpectoLabs/hoverfly · GitHub

https://github.com/SpectoLabs/hoverfly/security/advisories/GHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf
GitHub commit

commit a9d4da7bd726 (SpectoLabs/hoverfly)

Fix landed in SpectoLabs/hoverfly commit a9d4da7bd726 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/SpectoLabs/hoverfly/commit/a9d4da7bd7269651f54542ab790d0c613d568d3e
GitHub commit

commit 17e60a9bc788 (SpectoLabs/hoverfly)

Fix landed in SpectoLabs/hoverfly commit 17e60a9bc788 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/SpectoLabs/hoverfly/commit/17e60a9bc78826deb4b782dca1c1abd3dbe60d40
Web page

hoverfly/core/middleware/middleware.go at master · SpectoLabs/hoverfly · GitHub

https://github.com/SpectoLabs/hoverfly/blob/master/core/middleware/middleware.go#L93
Web page

hoverfly/core/middleware/local_middleware.go at master · SpectoLabs/hoverfly · GitHub

https://github.com/SpectoLabs/hoverfly/blob/master/core/middleware/local_middleware.go#L13
Web page

hoverfly/core/hoverfly_service.go at master · SpectoLabs/hoverfly · GitHub

https://github.com/SpectoLabs/hoverfly/blob/master/core/hoverfly_service.go#L173

Vendor Advisories for CVE-2025-54123(1)

These vendors published their own advisory mentioning this CVE — often with vendor-specific remediation steps + affected product lists not in NVD.

Patch Availability(1)

Vendor / EcosystemFix (by version range) / PatchReleasedSource
gogithub.com/SpectoLabs/hoverfly—ghsa

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Affected Packages

(1 across 1 ecosystem)
Go(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
github.com/SpectoLabs/hoverfly—
  • every version through 1.11.3: no fix on record
  • every version on: no fix on record
—

Weakness Classification(2)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 14× in last 7d / 58× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed its CVE.org record (CNA or CISA ADP). An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). "EchelonGraph re-scored" is our own recompute of this CVE's score, not an update from a source, and is not counted in the refreshes above. Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 100 of 254 rows on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. None are among the latest 100 rows. The 154 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-11-13 16:50 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  2. 2026-11-12 23:53 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  3. 2026-11-12 23:53 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  4. 2026-11-12 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  5. 2026-11-12 00:00 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  6. 2026-11-12 00:00 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  7. 2026-11-11 16:36 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  8. 2026-11-11 00:07 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  9. 2026-11-11 00:07 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  10. 2026-11-10 16:40 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  11. 2026-11-10 00:07 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  12. 2026-11-10 00:07 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  13. 2026-11-09 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  14. 2026-11-09 00:12 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  15. 2026-11-09 00:12 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  16. 2026-11-08 16:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  17. 2026-11-08 00:18 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  18. 2026-11-08 00:18 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  19. 2026-11-07 16:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  20. 2026-11-07 00:25 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  21. 2026-11-07 00:25 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  22. 2026-11-06 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  23. 2026-11-06 00:32 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  24. 2026-11-06 00:32 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  25. 2026-11-05 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
Show 75 more
  1. 2026-11-05 15:25 UTCOSV refresh
  2. 2026-11-05 00:39 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  3. 2026-11-05 00:39 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  4. 2026-11-04 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  5. 2026-11-04 00:45 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  6. 2026-11-04 00:45 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  7. 2026-11-03 16:45 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  8. 2026-11-03 00:52 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  9. 2026-11-03 00:52 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  10. 2026-11-02 16:43 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  11. 2026-11-02 00:58 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  12. 2026-11-02 00:58 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  13. 2026-11-01 01:06 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  14. 2026-11-01 01:06 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  15. 2026-10-31 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  16. 2026-10-31 01:09 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  17. 2026-10-31 01:09 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  18. 2026-10-30 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  19. 2026-10-30 01:16 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  20. 2026-10-30 01:16 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  21. 2026-10-29 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  22. 2026-10-29 01:23 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  23. 2026-10-29 01:22 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  24. 2026-10-28 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  25. 2026-10-28 01:27 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  26. 2026-10-28 01:26 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  27. 2026-10-27 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  28. 2026-10-27 01:28 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  29. 2026-10-27 01:27 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  30. 2026-10-26 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  31. 2026-10-25 21:41 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  32. 2026-10-25 21:41 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  33. 2026-10-25 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  34. 2026-10-25 16:18 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  35. 2026-10-24 21:30 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  36. 2026-10-24 21:30 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  37. 2026-10-24 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  38. 2026-10-23 21:37 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  39. 2026-10-23 21:37 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  40. 2026-10-23 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  41. 2026-10-22 21:44 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  42. 2026-10-22 21:44 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  43. 2026-10-22 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  44. 2026-10-21 21:49 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  45. 2026-10-21 21:49 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  46. 2026-10-21 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  47. 2026-10-20 21:10 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  48. 2026-10-20 21:10 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  49. 2026-10-20 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  50. 2026-10-19 21:16 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  51. 2026-10-19 21:16 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  52. 2026-10-19 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  53. 2026-10-18 20:12 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  54. 2026-10-18 20:12 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  55. 2026-10-18 05:26 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  56. 2026-10-17 20:19 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  57. 2026-10-17 20:18 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  58. 2026-10-17 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  59. 2026-10-16 20:23 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  60. 2026-10-16 20:22 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  61. 2026-10-16 16:39 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  62. 2026-10-15 17:50 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  63. 2026-10-15 17:49 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  64. 2026-10-15 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  65. 2026-10-14 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  66. 2026-10-14 11:42 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  67. 2026-10-14 11:42 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  68. 2026-10-13 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  69. 2026-10-13 10:45 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  70. 2026-10-12 16:57 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  71. 2026-10-12 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 11% · 95th percentile
  72. 2026-10-12 10:50 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-r4h8-hfp2-ggmf · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  73. 2026-10-11 20:31 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  74. 2026-10-11 18:42 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  75. 2026-10-11 15:18 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored

Publicly available exploits

(3 references)

Public exploit code is referenced for this CVE (2 GitHub PoCs), as is 1 Nuclei detection template. A detection template checks whether a system is affected; it is not necessarily exploit code. No release with the fix is confirmed, so defenders should restrict or isolate affected systems accordingly until one is applied.

  • GitHub PoC0xk4rth1/CVE-2025-54123
    Published Jun 18, 2026

    CVE-2025-54123 Hoverfly Command Injection to RCE PoC

    Open source ↗
  • GitHub PoCkasem545/CVE-2025-54123-Poc
    Published Mar 28, 2026

    CVE-2025-54123 Hoverfly Authenticated Middleware Command Injection RCE

    Open source ↗
  • Nucleihttp/cves/2025/CVE-2025-54123.yaml
    Published Sep 17, 2025

    Hoverfly <= 1.11.3 - Remote Code Execution

    Open source ↗

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2025-54123?
CVE-2025-54123 is a critical-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on September 10, 2025. Hoverfly is an open source API simulation tool. In versions 1.11.3 and prior, the middleware functionality in Hoverfly is vulnerable to command injection vulnerability at /api/v2/hoverfly/middleware endpoint due to insufficient validation and sanitization in user input. The vulnerability exists in…
When was the CVE record for CVE-2025-54123 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2025-54123 was published on September 10, 2025. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of September 17, 2025; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2025-54123 actively exploited?
CVE-2025-54123 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 11% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (95th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-54123?
CVE-2025-54123 has a CVSS v3 base score of 9.8 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2025-54123?
A fix for CVE-2025-54123 is referenced (a reference tagged "Patch", often a source commit), but EchelonGraph has no release containing it on record. Check that reference and the vendor's advisory for a release that contains the fix and update to it; until then, restrict network exposure of the affected system or apply the vendor's mitigation. The vendor advisories EchelonGraph has for CVE-2025-54123 are linked in the Vendor Advisories panel on this page.

Dependency Blast Radius

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