CVE-2025-4565

MEDIUMNVD 5.35.3—
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

This medium-severity CVE scores 5.3 under NVD CVSS v3. EPSS exploit probability: 0.3%, top 80% of all CVEs by exploit prediction. GitHub Security Advisory data not yet ingested — confidence will rise once GHSA publishes (typical lag: hours to days for open-source ecosystem CVEs; never for infrastructure-only CVEs).

Triggered by: NVD CVSS baseline
Sources: epss, nvd
5.3EG
EchelonGraph verdictMonitorLow exploitation likelihood right now — keep watching.
  • Lower severity and no public exploit yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0%CVSS: 5.3Exploit: None knownExposed: 0

A fix is available — apply it.

Any project that uses Protobuf Pure-Python backend to parse untrusted Protocol Buffers data containing an arbitrary number of recursive groups, recursive messages or a series of SGROUP tags can be corrupted by exceeding the Python recursion limit. This can result in a Denial of service by crashing the application with a RecursionError. We recommend upgrading to version =>6.31.1 or beyond commit 17838beda2943d08b8a9d4df5b68f5f04f26d901

CVSS v3
5.3
EG Score
5.3(medium)
EG Risk
39(Track)
EG Risk 39/100SSVC: Track

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score: it fuses intrinsic severity with real-world exploitation and automatability so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner. Distinct from the 0–10 EG Score (severity).

How it’s computed
Severity53% × 45%
Exploitation0% × 40%
Automatability100% × 15%
Action: Routine — remediate on your standard cadence.
EPSS PROB
0%
EPSS %ILE
17%
KEV
Not listed

Published

June 16, 2025

Last Modified

August 14, 2025

References (1)

Vendor Advisories for CVE-2025-4565(3)

These vendors published their own advisory mentioning this CVE — often with vendor-specific remediation steps + affected product lists not in NVD.

Patch Availability(5)

Vendor / EcosystemFixed in / PatchReleasedSource
ubunturuby-google-protobuf (3.12.4-1ubuntu7.22.04.4) @ jammy2026-05-30ubuntu
ubuntupython3-protobuf (3.0.0-9.1ubuntu1.1+esm3) @ bionic2026-05-30ubuntu
redhatansible-automation-platform-26/gateway-rhel9:17725439592026-03-06redhat
redhatpython3.11-protobuf-0:4.25.8-1.el9ap2026-01-26redhat
redhatopenshift4/ose-dpu-intel-ipu-vsp-rhel9:v4.19.0-202507081507.p0.gb4d5e23.assembly.stream.el92025-07-15redhat

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Affected Packages

(5 across 5 ecosystems)
Debian:11(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFixed inDependents
protobuf3.12.4-1 ... 4.0.0~rc2-1 (62 versions)——
Debian:12(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFixed inDependents
protobuf3.21.12-33.21.12-3+deb12u1—
Debian:13(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFixed inDependents
protobuf3.21.12-113.21.12-11+deb13u1—
Debian:14(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFixed inDependents
protobuf3.21.12-113.21.12-12—
PyPI(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFixed inDependents
protobuf2.0.0beta ... 6.31.0rc2 (190 versions)6.31.1—

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Additional Vendor Advisories

(3)

Vendors that published advisories for this CVE beyond the curated set above. Broader coverage but minimal per-row detail — click through for the original advisory.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 7× in last 7d / 30× in last 30d)

Each row is a source pipeline that fetched or updated this CVE on that date, with what changed. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 100 of 153 total refreshes for this CVE.

  1. 2026-09-18 19:27 UTCEPSS rescore
  2. 2026-09-18 19:27 UTCEPSS rescore
  3. 2026-09-17 19:29 UTCEPSS rescore
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  6. 2026-09-13 09:24 UTCOSV refresh
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  25. 2026-08-25 10:11 UTCOSV refresh
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  1. 2026-08-24 14:16 UTCEPSS rescore
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  17. 2026-08-09 02:52 UTCOSV refresh
  18. 2026-08-08 16:36 UTCEPSS rescore
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  26. 2026-07-30 16:27 UTCEPSS rescore
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  34. 2026-07-24 03:11 UTCOSV refresh
  35. 2026-07-23 14:18 UTCEPSS rescore
  36. 2026-07-23 02:56 UTCEG score recompute
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  61. 2026-07-06 22:34 UTCOSV refresh
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Related CVEs(same vendor + same CWE)

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2025-4565?
CVE-2025-4565 is a medium vulnerability published on June 16, 2025. Any project that uses Protobuf Pure-Python backend to parse untrusted Protocol Buffers data containing an arbitrary number of recursive groups, recursive messages or a series of SGROUP tags can be corrupted by exceeding the Python recursion limit. This can result in a Denial of service by crashing…
When was CVE-2025-4565 disclosed?
CVE-2025-4565 was first published in the National Vulnerability Database on June 16, 2025, with the most recent update on August 14, 2025. EchelonGraph re-ingests CVE updates from NVD on a 2-hour cycle, so this page reflects the latest published state.
Is CVE-2025-4565 actively exploited?
CVE-2025-4565 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days, which ranks it in the top 82.5% of all scored CVEs.
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-4565?
CVE-2025-4565 has a CVSS v3 base score of 5.3 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2025-4565?
Patch to the fixed version published by the affected vendor. Where vendor advisories exist for CVE-2025-4565, EchelonGraph cross-links them in the Vendor Advisories panel below — those typically contain the canonical remediation steps, fixed version numbers, and any vendor-specific mitigations.

Dependency Blast Radius

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