CVE-2025-3481

CRITICALNVD 7.89.8
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“▲” beside the score: it is higher than NVD's CVSS score.

Score 9.8 from GitHub Security Advisory (severity: CRITICAL) published 2025-05-22. NVD baseline CVSS 7.8; sources differ by 2.0.

Triggered by: GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
Sources: EPSS, GitHub Security Advisory, NVD CVSS v3

Also known asEUVD-2025-16099 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc (GitHub Security Advisories)Source: ENISA EUVD

9.8EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan mitigationNo fix is confirmed yet: check with the vendor for a fixed release; until one is applied, restrict network exposure of the affected system on your normal schedule at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0.6%CVSS: 7.8Exploit: None knownExposed services: Not assessed

No fix is confirmed yet — apply a workaround or compensating control (WAF / firewall / segmentation) and watch for the fix.

MedDream PACS Server DICOM File Parsing Stack-based Buffer Overflow Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of MedDream PACS Server. Authentication is not required to exploit this vulnerability.

The specific flaw exists within the parsing of DICOM files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of the length of user-supplied data prior to copying it to a fixed-length stack-based buffer. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the service account. Was ZDI-CAN-25827.

CVSS v3
7.8
EG Score
9.8CRITICALmedium confidence
EG Risk
59
EG Risk 59/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity98% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 9.8 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation0.6% × 40%
FIRST EPSS: the 30-day exploitation probability when EchelonGraph scored this CVE.
Automatability100% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: yes (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).
Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: No fix is confirmed yet. Check with the vendor for a fixed release; until one is applied, restrict network exposure of the affected system on your normal schedule at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.
EPSS PROB
0.6%
EPSS %ILE
50th
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (9.8): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 9.8 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
9.8 CRITICALCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
EG Likelihood
0.6% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-11-12). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track at medium mission impactTrack at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).CISA BOD 26-04: 3 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.No released fix is confirmed on this page, but CISA's timeline does not wait for a fix's release: it starts when an agency identifies the flaw on an asset and updates the CDM Agency and Federal Dashboard, and the directive counts patching, decommissioning the system or another action as remediation. Until a fixed release is applied, mitigate as this page's verdict says.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low or medium mission impact; Attend at high (mission-essential systems).

No fix is confirmed yet. Check with the vendor for a fixed release; until one is applied, restrict network exposure of the affected system on your normal schedule at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.

Exploitation none (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)3 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.

No released fix is confirmed on this page, but CISA's timeline does not wait for a fix's release: it starts when an agency identifies the flaw on an asset and updates the CDM Agency and Federal Dashboard, and the directive counts patching, decommissioning the system or another action as remediation. Until a fixed release is applied, mitigate as this page's verdict says.

The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

May 22, 2025

Last Modified

July 11, 2025

Advisory Details (1)

Auto-updated Sep 24, 2026
No fix on record yet.
Web pageMentions a patch (unverified)

ZDI-25-245 - TrendAI™ Zero Day Initiative™ (ZDI)

https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-25-245/

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 14× in last 7d / 58× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed its CVE.org record (CNA or CISA ADP). An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). "EchelonGraph re-scored" is our own recompute of this CVE's score, not an update from a source, and is not counted in the refreshes above. Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 100 of 252 rows on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. None are among the latest 100 rows. The 152 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-11-13 16:49 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 50th percentile
  2. 2026-11-13 00:56 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  3. 2026-11-13 00:56 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  4. 2026-11-12 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 50th percentile
  5. 2026-11-12 00:01 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  6. 2026-11-12 00:01 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  7. 2026-11-11 16:36 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 50th percentile
  8. 2026-11-10 23:06 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  9. 2026-11-10 23:06 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  10. 2026-11-10 16:40 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 50th percentile
  11. 2026-11-09 22:12 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  12. 2026-11-09 22:12 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  13. 2026-11-09 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 50th percentile
  14. 2026-11-08 21:13 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  15. 2026-11-08 21:13 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  16. 2026-11-08 16:37 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 50th percentile
  17. 2026-11-07 20:18 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  18. 2026-11-07 20:18 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  19. 2026-11-07 16:36 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 50th percentile
  20. 2026-11-06 19:23 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  21. 2026-11-06 19:23 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  22. 2026-11-06 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 50th percentile
  23. 2026-11-05 18:29 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  24. 2026-11-05 18:29 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  25. 2026-11-05 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 50th percentile
Show 75 more
  1. 2026-11-04 17:35 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  2. 2026-11-04 17:35 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  3. 2026-11-04 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 50th percentile
  4. 2026-11-03 16:44 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 50th percentile
  5. 2026-11-03 16:40 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  6. 2026-11-03 16:40 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  7. 2026-11-02 16:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 49th percentile
  8. 2026-11-02 15:35 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  9. 2026-11-02 15:35 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  10. 2026-11-01 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 49th percentile
  11. 2026-11-01 14:40 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  12. 2026-11-01 14:40 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  13. 2026-10-31 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 49th percentile
  14. 2026-10-31 13:46 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  15. 2026-10-31 13:46 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  16. 2026-10-30 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 49th percentile
  17. 2026-10-30 12:52 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  18. 2026-10-30 12:52 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  19. 2026-10-29 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 49th percentile
  20. 2026-10-29 11:55 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  21. 2026-10-29 11:55 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  22. 2026-10-28 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 49th percentile
  23. 2026-10-28 10:56 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  24. 2026-10-28 10:56 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  25. 2026-10-27 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 49th percentile
  26. 2026-10-27 09:06 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  27. 2026-10-27 09:06 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  28. 2026-10-26 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 49th percentile
  29. 2026-10-26 07:13 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  30. 2026-10-25 16:33 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  31. 2026-10-25 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 49th percentile
  32. 2026-10-25 06:14 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  33. 2026-10-25 06:14 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  34. 2026-10-24 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 49th percentile
  35. 2026-10-24 05:21 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  36. 2026-10-24 05:21 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  37. 2026-10-23 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 49th percentile
  38. 2026-10-23 04:27 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  39. 2026-10-23 04:27 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  40. 2026-10-22 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 49th percentile
  41. 2026-10-22 03:33 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  42. 2026-10-22 03:33 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  43. 2026-10-21 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 49th percentile
  44. 2026-10-21 02:39 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  45. 2026-10-21 02:38 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  46. 2026-10-20 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 49th percentile
  47. 2026-10-20 01:42 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  48. 2026-10-20 01:42 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  49. 2026-10-19 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  50. 2026-10-19 00:40 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  51. 2026-10-19 00:40 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  52. 2026-10-18 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  53. 2026-10-18 05:37 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  54. 2026-10-17 23:43 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  55. 2026-10-17 23:43 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  56. 2026-10-17 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 46th percentile
  57. 2026-10-16 22:48 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  58. 2026-10-16 22:48 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  59. 2026-10-16 16:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 46th percentile
  60. 2026-10-15 19:45 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  61. 2026-10-15 19:45 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  62. 2026-10-15 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 46th percentile
  63. 2026-10-14 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 46th percentile
  64. 2026-10-14 13:22 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  65. 2026-10-14 13:22 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  66. 2026-10-13 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 46th percentile
  67. 2026-10-13 12:27 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  68. 2026-10-12 17:09 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  69. 2026-10-12 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 46th percentile
  70. 2026-10-12 11:27 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-m34w-75f4-xrpc · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  71. 2026-10-11 20:41 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  72. 2026-10-11 18:52 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  73. 2026-10-11 15:29 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  74. 2026-10-11 13:47 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 46th percentile
  75. 2026-10-10 19:59 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 46th percentile

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2025-3481?
CVE-2025-3481 is a critical-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on May 22, 2025. MedDream PACS Server DICOM File Parsing Stack-based Buffer Overflow Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of MedDream PACS Server. Authentication is not required to exploit this vulnerability. The specific…
When was CVE-2025-3481 made public?
CVE-2025-3481 was made public on April 22, 2025: that is the date its CVE record's CNA, Zero Day Initiative, gives for when the vulnerability was made public. The CVE record itself was published on May 22, 2025. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of July 11, 2025; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2025-3481 actively exploited?
CVE-2025-3481 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0.6% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (50th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-3481?
CVE-2025-3481 has a CVSS v3 base score of 7.8 (NVD). EchelonGraph synthesises NVD + FIRST EPSS + GHSA into a combined EG score of 9.8 (CRITICAL).
How do I remediate CVE-2025-3481?
No fix for CVE-2025-3481 is confirmed yet. Until one is published, restrict network exposure of the affected system — for example, keep it off the internet or limit it to trusted networks — and watch for a fix.

Dependency Blast Radius

Explore the affected products and dependency analysis for CVE-2025-3481

Explore →

Is Your Infrastructure Affected by CVE-2025-3481?

EchelonGraph automatically scans your cloud infrastructure and maps CVE exposure using blast radius analysis.