CVE-2025-31478

HIGHNVD 8.28.2—
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

This high-severity CVE scores 8.2 under NVD CVSS v3. EPSS exploit probability: 0.3%, top 74% of all CVEs by exploit prediction. GitHub Security Advisory data not yet ingested — confidence will rise once GHSA publishes (typical lag: hours to days for open-source ecosystem CVEs; never for infrastructure-only CVEs).

Triggered by: NVD CVSS baseline
Sources: epss, nvd
8.2EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixSerious severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet.
  • High severity, but no confirmed exploitation yet
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0%CVSS: 8.2Exploit: None knownExposed: 0

No vendor fix yet — apply a workaround or compensating control (WAF / firewall / segmentation) and watch for a patch.

Zulip is an open-source team collaboration tool. Zulip supports a configuration where account creation is limited solely by being able to authenticate with a single-sign on authentication backend, meaning the organization places no restrictions on email address domains or invitations being required to join, but has disabled the EmailAuthBackend that is used for email/password authentication. A bug in the Zulip server means that it is possible to create an account in such organizations, without having an account with the configured SSO authentication backend. This issue is patched in version 10.2. A workaround includes requiring invitations to join the organization prevents the vulnerability from being accessed.

CVSS v3
8.2
EG Score
8.2(medium)
EG Risk
52(Track)
EG Risk 52/100SSVC: Track

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score: it fuses intrinsic severity with real-world exploitation and automatability so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner. Distinct from the 0–10 EG Score (severity).

How it’s computed
Severity82% × 45%
Exploitation0% × 40%
Automatability100% × 15%
Action: Routine — remediate on your standard cadence.
EPSS PROB
0%
EPSS %ILE
27%
KEV
Not listed

Published

April 16, 2025

Last Modified

January 23, 2026

References (2)

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 7× in last 7d / 42× in last 30d)

Each row is a source pipeline that fetched or updated this CVE on that date, with what changed. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed it from the CNA feed. Most recent first.

  1. 2026-07-30 16:27 UTCEPSS rescore
  2. 2026-07-30 01:29 UTCEPSS rescore
  3. 2026-07-28 15:35 UTCEPSS rescore
  4. 2026-07-27 14:12 UTCEPSS rescore
  5. 2026-07-26 14:53 UTCEPSS rescore
  6. 2026-07-25 14:17 UTCEPSS rescore
  7. 2026-07-24 14:17 UTCEPSS rescore
  8. 2026-07-24 08:41 UTCOSV refresh
  9. 2026-07-23 02:53 UTCEG score recompute
  10. 2026-07-22 14:07 UTCEPSS rescore
  11. 2026-07-22 14:07 UTCEPSS rescore
  12. 2026-07-21 15:24 UTCEPSS rescore
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  14. 2026-07-20 17:07 UTCEPSS rescore
  15. 2026-07-19 14:30 UTCEPSS rescore
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  17. 2026-07-19 02:28 UTCEPSS rescore
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  19. 2026-07-18 10:04 UTCEPSS rescore
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  21. 2026-07-16 17:02 UTCEPSS rescore
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  24. 2026-07-15 01:59 UTCEPSS rescore
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  1. 2026-07-13 22:29 UTCEPSS rescore
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  4. 2026-07-12 05:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  5. 2026-07-12 05:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  6. 2026-07-11 08:27 UTCEPSS rescore
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  8. 2026-07-09 19:09 UTCEPSS rescore
  9. 2026-07-08 15:14 UTCEPSS rescore
  10. 2026-07-07 13:45 UTCEPSS rescore
  11. 2026-07-07 04:21 UTCOSV refresh
  12. 2026-07-06 16:27 UTCEPSS rescore
  13. 2026-07-06 16:26 UTCEPSS rescore
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  18. 2026-06-30 23:22 UTCEPSS rescore
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  20. 2026-06-29 14:06 UTCEPSS rescore
  21. 2026-06-28 14:07 UTCEPSS rescore
  22. 2026-06-28 14:07 UTCEPSS rescore
  23. 2026-06-28 04:55 UTCEPSS rescore
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  25. 2026-06-27 03:08 UTCEPSS rescore
  26. 2026-06-25 13:49 UTCEPSS rescore
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  28. 2026-06-24 14:04 UTCEPSS rescore
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  30. 2026-06-23 21:32 UTCEPSS rescore
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  36. 2026-06-21 01:59 UTCEPSS rescore
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  38. 2026-06-19 19:25 UTCEPSS rescore
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  40. 2026-06-18 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  41. 2026-06-18 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  42. 2026-06-18 15:14 UTCOSV refresh
  43. 2026-06-17 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  44. 2026-06-16 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  45. 2026-06-16 17:52 UTCEPSS rescore
  46. 2026-06-15 17:48 UTCEPSS rescore
  47. 2026-06-13 23:00 UTCEPSS rescore
  48. 2026-06-13 23:00 UTCEPSS rescore
  49. 2026-06-12 23:11 UTCEPSS rescore
  50. 2026-06-11 13:59 UTCEPSS rescore
  51. 2026-06-10 22:18 UTCEPSS rescore
  52. 2026-06-10 13:22 UTCEPSS rescore
  53. 2026-06-08 14:16 UTCEPSS rescore
  54. 2026-06-08 14:16 UTCEPSS rescore
  55. 2026-06-07 15:24 UTCEPSS rescore
  56. 2026-06-07 15:24 UTCEPSS rescore
  57. 2026-06-06 13:47 UTCEPSS rescore
  58. 2026-06-06 13:47 UTCEPSS rescore
  59. 2026-06-05 22:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  60. 2026-06-05 22:46 UTCEPSS rescore
  61. 2026-06-05 06:10 UTCEPSS rescore
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  63. 2026-06-04 13:12 UTCEPSS rescore
  64. 2026-06-04 13:11 UTCEPSS rescore
  65. 2026-06-02 20:12 UTCEPSS rescore
  66. 2026-06-01 13:51 UTCEPSS rescore
  67. 2026-06-01 13:51 UTCEPSS rescore
  68. 2026-05-31 22:30 UTCEPSS rescore
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  70. 2026-05-31 00:16 UTCEPSS rescore
  71. 2026-05-31 00:16 UTCEPSS rescore
  72. 2026-05-30 07:13 UTCEG score recompute
  73. 2026-05-29 13:44 UTCEPSS rescore

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Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2025-31478?
CVE-2025-31478 is a high vulnerability published on April 16, 2025. Zulip is an open-source team collaboration tool. Zulip supports a configuration where account creation is limited solely by being able to authenticate with a single-sign on authentication backend, meaning the organization places no restrictions on email address domains or invitations being required…
When was CVE-2025-31478 disclosed?
CVE-2025-31478 was first published in the National Vulnerability Database on April 16, 2025, with the most recent update on January 23, 2026. EchelonGraph re-ingests CVE updates from NVD on a 2-hour cycle, so this page reflects the latest published state.
Is CVE-2025-31478 actively exploited?
CVE-2025-31478 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days, which ranks it in the top 73.3% of all scored CVEs.
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2025-31478?
CVE-2025-31478 has a CVSS v3 base score of 8.2 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2025-31478?
Patch to the fixed version published by the affected vendor. Where vendor advisories exist for CVE-2025-31478, EchelonGraph cross-links them in the Vendor Advisories panel below — those typically contain the canonical remediation steps, fixed version numbers, and any vendor-specific mitigations.

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