CVE-2024-25176

CRITICALNVD 9.89.8
EchelonGraph scoreMEDIUM confidence

“—” beside the score: it is equal to NVD's CVSS score.

Score 9.8 from GitHub Security Advisory (severity: CRITICAL) published 2025-07-07. NVD baseline CVSS 9.8; sources differ by 0.0.

Triggered by: GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
Sources: EPSS, GitHub Security Advisory, NVD CVSS v3
Elevated

Also known asEUVD-2024-22512 (ENISA EUVD) · GHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm (GitHub Security Advisories)Source: ENISA EUVD

9.8EG
EchelonGraph verdictPlan a fixRemediate within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high (the SSVC decision on this page).
  • CISA's Vulnrichment rates exploitation as PoC; EchelonGraph holds no exploit-code reference for it
CISA-KEV: Not listedEPSS PROB: 0.6%CVSS: 9.8Exploit: No code on recordExposed services: Not assessed

A fix is available — apply it.

LuaJIT through 2.1 and OpenRusty luajit2 before v2.1-20240626 have a stack-buffer-overflow in lj_strfmt_wfnum in lj_strfmt_num.c.

CVSS v3
9.8
EG Score
9.8CRITICALmedium confidence
EG Risk
75
EG Risk 75/100

EG Risk is EchelonGraph's 0–100 priority score. It fuses impact severity (EG Severity, the CVSS base score, never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score) with real-world exploitation and automatability, under weights EchelonGraph set by hand, so you can rank equal-severity CVEs and fix the most dangerous first. Higher = act sooner.

How it’s computed (value × EchelonGraph’s weight)
Severity98% × 45%
Impact severity (EG Severity): CVSS 9.8 of 10. Never the KEV-floored or EPSS-lifted EG Score.
Exploitation40% × 40%
EchelonGraph's fixed weight for EG-KEV Tier 3 (Elevated): a constant, not a probability.
Automatability100% × 15%
CISA's SSVC Automatable value: yes (Vulnrichment).
SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph): Track at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.
Exploitation public PoC (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE.
Action: A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.
EPSS PROB
0.6%
EPSS %ILE
49th
KEV
Not listed

What the EG score is made of (scorer v4.0: the three questions the 0–10 score mixes, published apart · methodology)

The EG score (9.8): severity, escalated by confirmed exploitation. This CVE's 9.8 is its impact severity (EG Severity), not escalated.

EG Severity
9.8 CRITICALCVSS-B, impact only: no KEV listing, EPSS or EG-KEV tier raises it.GitHub Security Advisory CVSS
EG Likelihood
0.6% within 30 daysSource: FIRST EPSS (model v2026.06.15, score date 2026-11-12). FIRST's exploitation probability, not an EchelonGraph model.
Confirmed exploitation
None on record (CISA KEV, EG-KEV Tier 1)Reported apart from the likelihood: an observed fact, not a probability.
EG Priority
SSVC Track* at medium mission impactTrack at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.CISA BOD 26-04: 3 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.Each input and its source, and whom BOD 26-04 binds: the SSVC and BOD 26-04 blocks below.

SSVC (CISA's decision table, applied by EchelonGraph)Track at low, Track* at medium and Attend at high mission impact.

A fix is available. Apply it within your standard update timelines at low or medium mission impact and sooner than that at high.

Exploitation public PoC (CISA Vulnrichment) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). All three are CISA's SSVC values (Vulnrichment). EchelonGraph applied CISA's decision table to them; CISA publishes SSVC inputs and the table, not a decision for each CVE. Mission impact is CISA's Mission & Well-being decision point, and only you can judge it. CISA's table makes it high when Mission Prevalence is Essential — the vulnerable component "directly provides capabilities that constitute at least one MEF for at least one entity" (MEF: mission essential function) — or when Public Well-Being Impact is Irreversible: "multiple fatalities are likely", the cyber-physical system "is likely lost or destroyed", "extreme or serious externalities" are imposed on other parties, or social systems such as elections or the financial grid "are destabilized and potentially collapse". CISA's decision table

BOD 26-04 (CISA's remediation timeline, Table 1)3 days if the affected system is publicly exposed; 60 days if it is not.

The score's inputs: In CISA KEV no (CISA's KEV catalog) · Automatable yes (CISA Vulnrichment) · Technical impact total (CISA Vulnrichment). Whether your system is publicly exposed is yours to answer. BOD 26-04 binds US Federal Civilian Executive Branch agencies; for anyone else it is CISA's published timeline, a reference rather than an obligation. The directive · how EchelonGraph applies it

Published

July 7, 2025

Last Modified

November 3, 2025

Advisory Details (5)

Auto-updated Oct 9, 2026
Patch available. Sources: github_commit.
Web page

stack-buffer-overflow in lj_strfmt_wfnum · Issue #1149 · LuaJIT/LuaJIT · GitHub

https://github.com/LuaJIT/LuaJIT/issues/1149
Web pageMentions a patch (unverified)

[SECURITY] [DLA 4283-1] luajit security update

https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/08/msg00022.html
GitHub commit Patch Available

commit 343ce0edaf39 (openresty/luajit2)

Patch available: openresty/luajit2 v2.1-20250826 (contains commit 343ce0edaf39)

https://github.com/openresty/luajit2/commit/343ce0edaf3906a62022936175b2f5410024cbfc
GitHub commit

commit 343ce0edaf39 (LuaJIT/LuaJIT)

Fix landed in LuaJIT/LuaJIT commit 343ce0edaf39 — awaiting tagged release

https://github.com/LuaJIT/LuaJIT/commit/343ce0edaf3906a62022936175b2f5410024cbfc

Vendor Advisories for CVE-2024-25176(1)

These vendors published their own advisory mentioning this CVE — often with vendor-specific remediation steps + affected product lists not in NVD.

Patch Availability(1)

Vendor / EcosystemFix (by version range) / PatchReleasedSource
ubuntuluajit (2.0.4+dfsg-1+deb9u1ubuntu0.1~esm1) @ xenial2026-11-12ubuntu

Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.

Affected Packages

(10 across 10 ecosystems)
Alpine:v3.19(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
luajit—
  • every version up to 2.1_p20240815-r1: fixed in 2.1_p20240815-r1
—
Alpine:v3.20(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
luajit—
  • every version up to 2.1_p20240815-r1: fixed in 2.1_p20240815-r1
—
Alpine:v3.21(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
luajit—
  • every version up to 2.1_p20240815-r1: fixed in 2.1_p20240815-r1
—
Alpine:v3.22(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
luajit—
  • every version up to 2.1_p20240815-r1: fixed in 2.1_p20240815-r1
—
Alpine:v3.23(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
luajit—
  • every version up to 2.1_p20240815-r1: fixed in 2.1_p20240815-r1
—
Alpine:v3.24(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
luajit—
  • every version up to 2.1_p20240815-r1: fixed in 2.1_p20240815-r1
—
Debian:11(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
luajit2.1.0~beta3+dfsg-5.3
  • every version up to 2.1.0~beta3+dfsg-5.3+deb11u1: fixed in 2.1.0~beta3+dfsg-5.3+deb11u1
—
Debian:12(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
luajit2.1.0~beta3+git20220320+dfsg-4.1
  • every version up to 2.1.0~beta3+git20220320+dfsg-4.1+deb12u1: fixed in 2.1.0~beta3+git20220320+dfsg-4.1+deb12u1
—
Debian:13(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
luajit—
  • every version up to 2.1.0+openresty20240314-1: fixed in 2.1.0+openresty20240314-1
—
Debian:14(1)
PackageVulnerable rangeFix by version rangeDependents
luajit—
  • every version up to 2.1.0+openresty20240314-1: fixed in 2.1.0+openresty20240314-1
—

Weakness Classification(1)

MITRE Common Weakness Enumeration — the root-cause categories this CVE belongs to.

Additional Vendor Advisories

(1)

Vendors that published advisories for this CVE beyond the curated set above. Broader coverage but minimal per-row detail — click through for the original advisory.

Data Freshness Timeline

(refreshed 19× in last 7d / 87× in last 30d)

Each row is a time one of our pipelines fetched, updated or re-scored this CVE. For example, "NVD update" means NVD published or revised its analysis for this CVE; "MITRE cvelistV5" means we ingested or refreshed its CVE.org record (CNA or CISA ADP). An arrow marks a change the record states ("CVSS v3 → 9.1"); EPSS and GHSA rows show the values recorded at that time, not what changed (EPSS values are rounded; hover one for the exact figures). "EchelonGraph re-scored" is our own recompute of this CVE's score, not an update from a source, and is not counted in the refreshes above. Most recent first.

Showing the most recent 100 of 305 rows on record for this CVE.

A repeat, a row identical to one the same pipeline wrote less than 10 seconds earlier, is not a separate refresh and is not counted. None are among the latest 100 rows. The 205 oldest rows on record are not shown and were not checked, so the counts can still include repeats.

  1. 2026-11-13 16:46 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 49th percentile
  2. 2026-11-13 02:18 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  3. 2026-11-13 02:18 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  4. 2026-11-12 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 49th percentile
  5. 2026-11-12 03:58 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  6. 2026-11-12 03:58 UTCVendor advisory
  7. 2026-11-12 03:58 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  8. 2026-11-11 16:34 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 49th percentile
  9. 2026-11-11 05:37 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  10. 2026-11-11 05:37 UTCVendor advisory
  11. 2026-11-11 05:37 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  12. 2026-11-10 16:38 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 49th percentile
  13. 2026-11-10 07:16 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  14. 2026-11-10 07:16 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  15. 2026-11-09 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  16. 2026-11-09 08:54 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  17. 2026-11-09 08:54 UTCVendor advisory
  18. 2026-11-09 08:54 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  19. 2026-11-08 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  20. 2026-11-08 10:33 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  21. 2026-11-08 10:33 UTCVendor advisory
  22. 2026-11-08 10:33 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  23. 2026-11-07 16:35 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  24. 2026-11-07 12:12 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  25. 2026-11-07 12:12 UTCVendor advisory
Show 75 more
  1. 2026-11-07 12:12 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  2. 2026-11-06 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  3. 2026-11-06 13:51 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  4. 2026-11-06 13:51 UTCVendor advisory
  5. 2026-11-06 13:51 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  6. 2026-11-05 16:33 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  7. 2026-11-05 15:31 UTCVendor advisory
  8. 2026-11-05 15:31 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  9. 2026-11-04 22:25 UTCOSV refresh
  10. 2026-11-04 17:10 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  11. 2026-11-04 17:10 UTCVendor advisory
  12. 2026-11-04 17:10 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  13. 2026-11-04 16:32 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  14. 2026-11-03 18:49 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  15. 2026-11-03 18:49 UTCVendor advisory
  16. 2026-11-03 18:49 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  17. 2026-11-03 16:42 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  18. 2026-11-02 20:29 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  19. 2026-11-02 20:29 UTCVendor advisory
  20. 2026-11-02 20:29 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  21. 2026-11-02 16:40 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  22. 2026-11-01 22:07 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  23. 2026-11-01 22:07 UTCVendor advisory
  24. 2026-11-01 22:07 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  25. 2026-11-01 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  26. 2026-10-31 23:45 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  27. 2026-10-31 23:45 UTCVendor advisory
  28. 2026-10-31 23:44 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  29. 2026-10-31 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  30. 2026-10-31 01:24 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  31. 2026-10-31 01:24 UTCVendor advisory
  32. 2026-10-31 01:24 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  33. 2026-10-30 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  34. 2026-10-30 03:04 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  35. 2026-10-30 03:04 UTCVendor advisory
  36. 2026-10-30 03:04 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  37. 2026-10-29 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  38. 2026-10-29 04:44 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  39. 2026-10-29 04:43 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  40. 2026-10-28 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  41. 2026-10-28 06:17 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  42. 2026-10-28 06:17 UTCVendor advisory
  43. 2026-10-28 06:16 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  44. 2026-10-27 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  45. 2026-10-27 07:57 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  46. 2026-10-27 07:56 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  47. 2026-10-26 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  48. 2026-10-26 07:02 UTCVendor advisory
  49. 2026-10-26 07:01 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  50. 2026-10-25 17:16 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  51. 2026-10-25 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  52. 2026-10-25 08:39 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  53. 2026-10-25 08:39 UTCVendor advisory
  54. 2026-10-25 08:39 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  55. 2026-10-24 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  56. 2026-10-24 10:19 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  57. 2026-10-24 10:19 UTCVendor advisory
  58. 2026-10-24 10:19 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  59. 2026-10-23 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 48th percentile
  60. 2026-10-23 11:58 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  61. 2026-10-23 11:58 UTCVendor advisory
  62. 2026-10-23 11:58 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  63. 2026-10-22 16:31 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  64. 2026-10-22 13:38 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  65. 2026-10-22 13:38 UTCVendor advisory
  66. 2026-10-22 13:37 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  67. 2026-10-21 16:29 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  68. 2026-10-21 14:59 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  69. 2026-10-21 14:59 UTCVendor advisory
  70. 2026-10-21 14:58 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  71. 2026-10-20 16:30 UTCEPSS rescoreEPSS 0.6% · 47th percentile
  72. 2026-10-20 16:22 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8
  73. 2026-10-19 17:51 UTCEchelonGraph re-scored
  74. 2026-10-19 17:51 UTCVendor advisory
  75. 2026-10-19 17:51 UTCGHSA enrichmentGHSA-xvfg-m24j-r4pm · GitHub severity CRITICAL · GitHub CVSS 9.8

Frequently asked(5)

What is CVE-2024-25176?
CVE-2024-25176 is a critical-severity vulnerability; its CVE record was published on July 7, 2025. LuaJIT through 2.1 and OpenRusty luajit2 before v2.1-20240626 have a stack-buffer-overflow in lj_strfmt_wfnum in lj_strfmt_num.c.
When was the CVE record for CVE-2024-25176 published?
The CVE record for CVE-2024-25176 was published on July 7, 2025. That is the record's publication date; the vulnerability itself may have been made public earlier. EchelonGraph's copy of the record carries a last-modified date of November 3, 2025; the record at its source may have been updated since.
Is CVE-2024-25176 actively exploited?
CVE-2024-25176 is not currently on CISA's Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog. FIRST EPSS estimates a 0.6% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days (49th percentile of EPSS-scored CVEs).
What is the CVSS score of CVE-2024-25176?
CVE-2024-25176 has a CVSS v3 base score of 9.8 (NVD).
How do I remediate CVE-2024-25176?
A fix for CVE-2024-25176 is available: update to the fixed version the vendor names in its advisory. The vendor advisories EchelonGraph has for CVE-2024-25176 are linked in the Vendor Advisories panel on this page.

Dependency Blast Radius

See which npm, PyPI, Go, and Maven packages are affected by CVE-2024-25176

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