Action Pack in Ruby on Rails before 3.2.22.2, 4.x before 4.1.14.2, and 4.2.x before 4.2.5.2 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Ruby code by leveraging an application's unrestricted use of the render method.
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This high-severity CVE scores 7.3 under NVD CVSS v3. EPSS exploit probability: 84.1%, top 1% of all CVEs by exploit prediction. GitHub Security Advisory data not yet ingested — confidence will rise once GHSA publishes (typical lag: hours to days for open-source ecosystem CVEs; never for infrastructure-only CVEs).
Action Pack in Ruby on Rails before 3.2.22.2, 4.x before 4.1.14.2, and 4.2.x before 4.2.5.2 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Ruby code by leveraging an application's unrestricted use of the render method.
April 7, 2016
May 6, 2026
| Vendor / Ecosystem | Fixed in / Patch | Released | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| redhat | ror40-rubygem-activesupport-1:4.0.2-4.el7 | 2016-03-15 | redhat |
| redhat | ruby193-rubygem-activesupport-1:3.2.8-6.el7 | 2016-03-15 | redhat |
| redhat | rh-ror41-rubygem-actionview-0:4.1.5-5.el7 | 2016-03-15 | redhat |
Patches are aggregated from vendor advisories (Red Hat, Microsoft, Cisco, GitHub) and package ecosystems (OSV, GHSA). Multiple rows for the same upstream release have been deduplicated.
| Package | Vulnerable range | Fixed in | Dependents |
|---|---|---|---|
| actionpack | 4.2.0 ... 4.2.5.rc2 (15 versions) | 4.2.5.2 | — |
Every vendor that published an advisory referencing this CVE — pulled from our cve_vendor_advisories aggregation. Click any row for the vendor's original advisory page.
Every time one of our enrichment pipelines (NVD, MITRE cvelistV5, EPSS, CISA KEV, GHSA, OSV, vendor advisories) ran against this CVE. Most recent first.
Working exploit code is in the public domain (1 Metasploit module) (5 GitHub PoCs) (1 Exploit-DB entry). Defenders should treat patch urgency accordingly — public PoCs typically lead to mass-exploitation within 24-72 hours.
CVE-2016-2098 POC
Open source ↗Remote code execution vulnerability in Ruby-on-Rails when using render on user-supplied data.
Open source ↗This exploit is remote code execution vulnerability in Ruby-on-Rails when using render on user-supplied data
Open source ↗Ruby On Rails unrestricted render() exploit
Open source ↗Ruby on Rails ActionPack Inline ERB - Code Execution (Metasploit)
Open source ↗Proof of concept showing how CVE-2016-2098 leads to remote code execution
Open source ↗Ruby on Rails ActionPack Inline ERB Code Execution
Open source ↗See which npm, PyPI, Go, and Maven packages are affected by CVE-2016-2098
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